६ जून २०१५ मुंबई मेट्रो लोहमार्गला एक वर्ष पूर्ण - 6th JUNE 2015 MUMBAI METRO RAIL COMPLETES ONE YEAR
Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Line 1 
Overview Type Metro System Mumbai Metro Locale Mumbai, Maharashtra, India Termini Versova
Ghatkopar Stations 12 Daily ridership 300,000-500,000 (August 2014) Website reliancemumbaimetro.com Operation Opening 8 June 2014 Owner Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) Operator(s) Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) Character Elevated Depot(s) D.N. Nagar Rolling stock CSR Nanjing Technical Line length 10.81 km (6.72 mi) Track length 11.40 km (7.08 mi) No. of tracks 2 Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) standard gauge Minimum radius 100 metres (330 ft) Electrification 25 kV AC at 50 Hz via overhead catenary Operating speed 80 km/h (50 mph)
[show]Route map
Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro, also referred to as Metro I or the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar (VAG) corridor, is part of the metro system for the city of Mumbai, India. The 11.40 km line is fully elevated, and consists of 12 stations from Versova to Ghatkopar. The line connects the easternand western suburbs of Mumbai.[1] It was built at an estimated cost of₹4321 crore (US$690 million) and is operated by the Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL).[2] The MMOPL is a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).
Line 1 started operations on 8 June 2014.[3]
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Line 1 | ||
|---|---|---|
 | ||
| Overview | ||
| Type | Metro | |
| System | Mumbai Metro | |
| Locale | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India | |
| Termini | Versova Ghatkopar | |
| Stations | 12 | |
| Daily ridership | 300,000-500,000 (August 2014) | |
| Website | reliancemumbaimetro.com | |
| Operation | ||
| Opening | 8 June 2014 | |
| Owner | Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) | |
| Operator(s) | Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) | |
| Character | Elevated | |
| Depot(s) | D.N. Nagar | |
| Rolling stock | CSR Nanjing | |
| Technical | ||
| Line length | 10.81 km (6.72 mi) | |
| Track length | 11.40 km (7.08 mi) | |
| No. of tracks | 2 | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) standard gauge | |
| Minimum radius | 100 metres (330 ft) | |
| Electrification | 25 kV AC at 50 Hz via overhead catenary | |
| Operating speed | 80 km/h (50 mph) | |
| ||
Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro, also referred to as Metro I or the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar (VAG) corridor, is part of the metro system for the city of Mumbai, India. The 11.40 km line is fully elevated, and consists of 12 stations from Versova to Ghatkopar. The line connects the easternand western suburbs of Mumbai.[1] It was built at an estimated cost of₹4321 crore (US$690 million) and is operated by the Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL).[2] The MMOPL is a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).
Line 1 started operations on 8 June 2014.[3]
Contents
History[edit]
Background[edit]
The Government of Maharashtra through the MMRDA, in order to improve the traffic and transportation scenario in Mumbai and to cater to the future travel needs in the next 2-3 decades began exploring the viability of various alternative mass transit systems which are efficient, economically viable and environment friendly. In this context, a detailed feasibility study was carried out under Indo-German technical co-operation by entrusting the consultancy work to Tewet in association with DE-Consult GmbH and Tata Consultancy Services, during 1997–2000. The study recommended a mass transit corridor from Andheri to Ghatkopar as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining a number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by the MMRDA in May 2004. Meanwhile, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) prepared the master plan for Mumbai Metro, wherein they recommended extending the Andheri-Ghatkopar section to Versova as part of the master plan and identified it as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as a "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA).[4] The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor was chosen as the first line in the master plan to be implemented.
The Mumbai Suburban Railway connects Mumbai from north to south. However, east-west connectivity is poor. The Versova-Ghatkopar route had no suburban rail link and was serviced by either BEST buses, autos or taxis.[5] Line 1 provides east-west rail connectivity between the Eastern and Western suburbs of Mumbai.[6] It facilitates interchange between the Mumbai Suburban Railway and Mumbai Metro at Andheri and Ghatkopar stations. The line significantly reduces the journey time from Versova to Ghatkopar from 90–120 minutes to 21 minutes, and bypasses about 45 traffic signals.[7] It also provides rail connectivity to the MIDC and SEEPZ.[8]
The Government of Maharashtra through the MMRDA, in order to improve the traffic and transportation scenario in Mumbai and to cater to the future travel needs in the next 2-3 decades began exploring the viability of various alternative mass transit systems which are efficient, economically viable and environment friendly. In this context, a detailed feasibility study was carried out under Indo-German technical co-operation by entrusting the consultancy work to Tewet in association with DE-Consult GmbH and Tata Consultancy Services, during 1997–2000. The study recommended a mass transit corridor from Andheri to Ghatkopar as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining a number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by the MMRDA in May 2004. Meanwhile, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) prepared the master plan for Mumbai Metro, wherein they recommended extending the Andheri-Ghatkopar section to Versova as part of the master plan and identified it as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as a "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA).[4] The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor was chosen as the first line in the master plan to be implemented.
The Mumbai Suburban Railway connects Mumbai from north to south. However, east-west connectivity is poor. The Versova-Ghatkopar route had no suburban rail link and was serviced by either BEST buses, autos or taxis.[5] Line 1 provides east-west rail connectivity between the Eastern and Western suburbs of Mumbai.[6] It facilitates interchange between the Mumbai Suburban Railway and Mumbai Metro at Andheri and Ghatkopar stations. The line significantly reduces the journey time from Versova to Ghatkopar from 90–120 minutes to 21 minutes, and bypasses about 45 traffic signals.[7] It also provides rail connectivity to the MIDC and SEEPZ.[8]
Construction[edit]
Contracts for Line 1[9]
Package Awarded to Civil Works – Viaduct Simplex Infrastructure Ltd Civil Works – Stations Sew Infrastructure Ltd Civil Works – Special Bridges Civil Works – Depot Earthworks Shyam Narayan & Bros Rolling stock CSR Nanjing Signalling system Siemens Power Supply Traction & SCADA ABB E&M Communication system Thales Trackwork VNC Rail One Automatic Fare Collection Indra Escalators Schindler Elevators OTIS Depot Machinery & Plant Awarded to various suppliers Depot Civil Works Ahluwalia Contracts (India) Ltd.
The contract for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was awarded to the Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the MMRDA, in March 2007.[10][11] Simplex Infrastructure Ltd was the main technical contractor.[12] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone on 21 June 2006. The work order for the project was issued on 21 January 2008,[13] and work began on 8 February 2008.[12] In September 2011, MMOPL officials claimed that trial runs on the first section of the corridor, the 3-km Versova–D.N. Nagar–Azad Nagar stretch, would start by February 2012, with a view to opening the stretch to commuters by March or April 2012.[14] The deadline for completion of Line 1 has been shifted several times. The following months have all, at some point of time, been announced as the deadline for completion of the project - July and September 2010, July 2011, March and November 2012,[15][16]September 2013 (Phase 1: Versova to Airport Road) and December 2013 (Phase 2: Airport Road to Ghatkopar),[13][17] and 31 March 2014.[18]
The MMOPL blamed the delay in construction on the MMRDA. RInfra officials stated that the MMRDA had to acquire land along the route and provide right of way to the MMOPL by December 2008.[19] As of August 2008, the MMRDA had only freed up 20% of required land. The lack of maps of underground utilities made the task more difficult. As per the contract between the MMOPL and the MMRDA, the MMRDA was supposed to hand over complete right of way to the MMOPL by mid-2008. The MMOPL eventually received nearly 100% of the land required for the project in December 2011, with the exceptions of the minaret of a mosque near Andheri metro station and a portion of the roof of Maheshwar Temple near Jagruti Nagar station that still needed to be demolished.[19] Both impediments were resolved in October 2012 and the MMRDA finally obtained 100% right of way along the entire alignment of Line 1.[20]
By October 2011, the majority of the corridor's track-support pillars and girders had been laid, and the 12 individual stations were 70% complete, with most of the stations rising above platform level.[21] However, land acquisition and right-of-way issues, along with problems with the construction of a Metro-related viaduct, delayed the line's predicted completion to summer 2012.[21][22] In May 2012, theIndian Bank restructured the Mumbai Metro's ₹1.08 billion (US$17 million) loan account, citing the project's land use problems.[23]
On 1 May 2013, a successful 2 km trial run from Versova to Azad Nagar stations was conducted on Line 1 in the presence ofMaharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan,[24] who stated that the line would open to the public from September 2013.[25][26] However, MMRDA officials told Business Standard in August 2013 that the metro would be delayed further as it had not received approval from the Central Railway Safety Commissioner, and some of the facilities remained incomplete.[27] The first major trial run on Line 1, began at 6:45pm IST on 3 June 2013 from Versova station, and covered the 7 km stretch to Airport station by 7:05pm, according to MMRDA additional commissioner S.V.R. Srinivas, who was on board the train. Trial runs had been conducted for the past month, the most notable being the trial run on 1 May 2013, that was officially flagged off by the Chief Minister.[24] However, trials prior to the June 3 trial, were restricted to the three kilometres between Versova and Azad Nagar stations on JP Road.[28]
Several tests were conducted before the metro opened to the public.[6] According to the information given by the MMRDA to a Right to Information (RTI) query filed by activist Anil Galgali, around 5% of the civil works of the line were still pending as of December 2013. The reply to the RTI query stated that Versova, D.N. Nagar, Azad Nagar, Chakala and Airport Road stations were 99% complete as of December 2013. Andheri, Saki Naka, Marol and Western Express Highway stations were in the range of 95-98%. Construction work at Ghatkopar was 90% complete, Asalfa and Jagruti Nagar stations were 80% and 85% complete respectively.[29]
The MMRDA sent a letter to RInfra on 31 December 2013, asking them to change the name of the metro system from Reliance Metro to Mumbai Metro. The MMRDA pointed out that the original concession agreement stated that the project would be named as the Mumbai Metro.[30][31] RInfra issued a press statement on 2 January 2014, blaming the MMRDA for having "failed to provide any guidance on this subject during the bidding stage and/or during the implementation stage".[32] Republican Party of India (Athavale) workers protested the name Reliance Metro on 8 January 2014 by blackening boards with Reliance's logo at Chakala metro station.[33][34][35] On 11 January, Shiv Sena MLA Subhash Desai sent a letter to Chief Minister Chavan opposing the Reliance Metro name, and expressing support for the name Mumbai Metro.[36][37] In February 2014, U.P.S. Madan, metropolitan commissioner of MMRDA, confirmed that RInfra had agreed to rename the project as Mumbai Metro from Reliance Metro.[38] However, even by April 2014, the Reliance Metro logos that had been stuck on trains and stations had not been removed. MMOPL officials stated that they had not yet received any new logo design, and were still awaiting the same.[39] On 30 April 2014 The MMOPL unveiled a new logo, which uses the name "Mumbai Metro" but also includes the MMRDA and Reliance Infrastructure.[40] The new name was also confirmed by Chavan at a press conference at Vidhan Bhawan on 14 June 2014. When asked about RInfra posting its "Reliance Metro" branding at some metro stations, he said, "It is 'Mumbai Metro' and we will ensure that it remains the same in future also".[41][42]
On 6 February 2014, RInfra announced that construction was complete, and that some of the regulatory approvals were in place.[43] However, the construction of approach roads to stations such as Jagruti Nagar and Asalfa Road had not been completed,[17] although this work was to be undertaken by the MMRDA, and not MMOPL.[17] A comprehensive fire drill was undertaken by the Mumbai Fire Brigade, Mumbai Police, and MMOPL in March 2014.[44] During trials in mid-March 2014, the Mumbai Metro ran trains at a headway of almost 4 minutes.[45]
Oscillation trials were completed in early 2014.[46][47] However, the submission of the report by the RDSO to the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety was delayed a public interest litigation (PIL) filed in the Bombay High Court on the height of Mumbai Suburban Railway station platforms. The RDSO had to divert its resources to inspecting the suburban railway platforms, because passengers were falling into the gap between the platform and the trains.[48] The MMOPL was granted a "speed certificate" from the RDSO on 2 April.[49] MMRDA and MMOPL authorities jointly applied to the CMRS for safety certification on April 4.[39]
Then CMRS for the western circle P.S. Baghel began physically inspecting the line on 18 April, and completed it on 28 April.[50][51] Following the inspection, Baghel concluded, "Prima facie, I found all the constructions and specifications of the Metro quite satisfactory, but there are a few finishing works remaining which would be taken care of very soon."[51] The CMRS required certain minor improvements to access areas before the metro could begin operations.[52] The CMRS also stated that he would travel to Lucknow to discuss the inspection with RDSO officials and then cross check all the other necessary approvals, including rolling stocks, from the Railway Board.[51] The line received safety clearance from the CMRS on 2 May 2014.[53][54]
The Congress-NCP government had wanted to open the line by 24 April 2014, the voting day in Mumbai for the 2014 general elections.[55] The MMRDA had to obtain approval for the locomotives from the railway board.[55] The MMOPL approached the Railway Board for approval of rolling stock (including the rakes and wheels) on 22 April.[56][57] MMRDA and MMOPL officials stated that the line would open within 7 days of receiving approval from the Railway Board.[58][59] Despite the MMOPL submitting the necessary paperwork on 22 April, the Railway Board did not grant approve until late May 2014. According to railway officials, this was because the rakes and wheels used in the metro were "of a new kind, with newer dimensions".[52] Another reason given for the delay was the change of government at the Centre following the 2014 general elections.[60] Railway Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda gave the final approval on 5 June.[61][62] MMOPL Chief Executive Abhay Mishra announced on 7 June that the metro would open the following day.[63]
A key proposal of the Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS) was the integration of the metro rail system with the BEST. The BEST and the BMC jointly worked towards relocating existing bus stops. BEST bus feeder routes were created along the metro corridor. Bus stops have electronic indicators displaying the expected arrival time of the next train, and information about bus schedules is available inside the metro stations. The MMRDA widened footpaths below metro stations. Parking for bikes and motorbikes is available at all stations.[64][65][66][67]
| Package | Awarded to |
|---|---|
| Civil Works – Viaduct | Simplex Infrastructure Ltd |
| Civil Works – Stations | Sew Infrastructure Ltd |
| Civil Works – Special Bridges | |
| Civil Works – Depot Earthworks | Shyam Narayan & Bros |
| Rolling stock | CSR Nanjing |
| Signalling system | Siemens |
| Power Supply Traction & SCADA | ABB |
| E&M | |
| Communication system | Thales |
| Trackwork | VNC Rail One |
| Automatic Fare Collection | Indra |
| Escalators | Schindler |
| Elevators | OTIS |
| Depot Machinery & Plant | Awarded to various suppliers |
| Depot Civil Works | Ahluwalia Contracts (India) Ltd. |
The contract for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was awarded to the Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the MMRDA, in March 2007.[10][11] Simplex Infrastructure Ltd was the main technical contractor.[12] Prime Minister Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone on 21 June 2006. The work order for the project was issued on 21 January 2008,[13] and work began on 8 February 2008.[12] In September 2011, MMOPL officials claimed that trial runs on the first section of the corridor, the 3-km Versova–D.N. Nagar–Azad Nagar stretch, would start by February 2012, with a view to opening the stretch to commuters by March or April 2012.[14] The deadline for completion of Line 1 has been shifted several times. The following months have all, at some point of time, been announced as the deadline for completion of the project - July and September 2010, July 2011, March and November 2012,[15][16]September 2013 (Phase 1: Versova to Airport Road) and December 2013 (Phase 2: Airport Road to Ghatkopar),[13][17] and 31 March 2014.[18]
The MMOPL blamed the delay in construction on the MMRDA. RInfra officials stated that the MMRDA had to acquire land along the route and provide right of way to the MMOPL by December 2008.[19] As of August 2008, the MMRDA had only freed up 20% of required land. The lack of maps of underground utilities made the task more difficult. As per the contract between the MMOPL and the MMRDA, the MMRDA was supposed to hand over complete right of way to the MMOPL by mid-2008. The MMOPL eventually received nearly 100% of the land required for the project in December 2011, with the exceptions of the minaret of a mosque near Andheri metro station and a portion of the roof of Maheshwar Temple near Jagruti Nagar station that still needed to be demolished.[19] Both impediments were resolved in October 2012 and the MMRDA finally obtained 100% right of way along the entire alignment of Line 1.[20]
By October 2011, the majority of the corridor's track-support pillars and girders had been laid, and the 12 individual stations were 70% complete, with most of the stations rising above platform level.[21] However, land acquisition and right-of-way issues, along with problems with the construction of a Metro-related viaduct, delayed the line's predicted completion to summer 2012.[21][22] In May 2012, theIndian Bank restructured the Mumbai Metro's ₹1.08 billion (US$17 million) loan account, citing the project's land use problems.[23]
On 1 May 2013, a successful 2 km trial run from Versova to Azad Nagar stations was conducted on Line 1 in the presence ofMaharashtra Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan,[24] who stated that the line would open to the public from September 2013.[25][26] However, MMRDA officials told Business Standard in August 2013 that the metro would be delayed further as it had not received approval from the Central Railway Safety Commissioner, and some of the facilities remained incomplete.[27] The first major trial run on Line 1, began at 6:45pm IST on 3 June 2013 from Versova station, and covered the 7 km stretch to Airport station by 7:05pm, according to MMRDA additional commissioner S.V.R. Srinivas, who was on board the train. Trial runs had been conducted for the past month, the most notable being the trial run on 1 May 2013, that was officially flagged off by the Chief Minister.[24] However, trials prior to the June 3 trial, were restricted to the three kilometres between Versova and Azad Nagar stations on JP Road.[28]
Several tests were conducted before the metro opened to the public.[6] According to the information given by the MMRDA to a Right to Information (RTI) query filed by activist Anil Galgali, around 5% of the civil works of the line were still pending as of December 2013. The reply to the RTI query stated that Versova, D.N. Nagar, Azad Nagar, Chakala and Airport Road stations were 99% complete as of December 2013. Andheri, Saki Naka, Marol and Western Express Highway stations were in the range of 95-98%. Construction work at Ghatkopar was 90% complete, Asalfa and Jagruti Nagar stations were 80% and 85% complete respectively.[29]
The MMRDA sent a letter to RInfra on 31 December 2013, asking them to change the name of the metro system from Reliance Metro to Mumbai Metro. The MMRDA pointed out that the original concession agreement stated that the project would be named as the Mumbai Metro.[30][31] RInfra issued a press statement on 2 January 2014, blaming the MMRDA for having "failed to provide any guidance on this subject during the bidding stage and/or during the implementation stage".[32] Republican Party of India (Athavale) workers protested the name Reliance Metro on 8 January 2014 by blackening boards with Reliance's logo at Chakala metro station.[33][34][35] On 11 January, Shiv Sena MLA Subhash Desai sent a letter to Chief Minister Chavan opposing the Reliance Metro name, and expressing support for the name Mumbai Metro.[36][37] In February 2014, U.P.S. Madan, metropolitan commissioner of MMRDA, confirmed that RInfra had agreed to rename the project as Mumbai Metro from Reliance Metro.[38] However, even by April 2014, the Reliance Metro logos that had been stuck on trains and stations had not been removed. MMOPL officials stated that they had not yet received any new logo design, and were still awaiting the same.[39] On 30 April 2014 The MMOPL unveiled a new logo, which uses the name "Mumbai Metro" but also includes the MMRDA and Reliance Infrastructure.[40] The new name was also confirmed by Chavan at a press conference at Vidhan Bhawan on 14 June 2014. When asked about RInfra posting its "Reliance Metro" branding at some metro stations, he said, "It is 'Mumbai Metro' and we will ensure that it remains the same in future also".[41][42]
On 6 February 2014, RInfra announced that construction was complete, and that some of the regulatory approvals were in place.[43] However, the construction of approach roads to stations such as Jagruti Nagar and Asalfa Road had not been completed,[17] although this work was to be undertaken by the MMRDA, and not MMOPL.[17] A comprehensive fire drill was undertaken by the Mumbai Fire Brigade, Mumbai Police, and MMOPL in March 2014.[44] During trials in mid-March 2014, the Mumbai Metro ran trains at a headway of almost 4 minutes.[45]
Oscillation trials were completed in early 2014.[46][47] However, the submission of the report by the RDSO to the Chief Commissioner of Railway Safety was delayed a public interest litigation (PIL) filed in the Bombay High Court on the height of Mumbai Suburban Railway station platforms. The RDSO had to divert its resources to inspecting the suburban railway platforms, because passengers were falling into the gap between the platform and the trains.[48] The MMOPL was granted a "speed certificate" from the RDSO on 2 April.[49] MMRDA and MMOPL authorities jointly applied to the CMRS for safety certification on April 4.[39]
Then CMRS for the western circle P.S. Baghel began physically inspecting the line on 18 April, and completed it on 28 April.[50][51] Following the inspection, Baghel concluded, "Prima facie, I found all the constructions and specifications of the Metro quite satisfactory, but there are a few finishing works remaining which would be taken care of very soon."[51] The CMRS required certain minor improvements to access areas before the metro could begin operations.[52] The CMRS also stated that he would travel to Lucknow to discuss the inspection with RDSO officials and then cross check all the other necessary approvals, including rolling stocks, from the Railway Board.[51] The line received safety clearance from the CMRS on 2 May 2014.[53][54]
The Congress-NCP government had wanted to open the line by 24 April 2014, the voting day in Mumbai for the 2014 general elections.[55] The MMRDA had to obtain approval for the locomotives from the railway board.[55] The MMOPL approached the Railway Board for approval of rolling stock (including the rakes and wheels) on 22 April.[56][57] MMRDA and MMOPL officials stated that the line would open within 7 days of receiving approval from the Railway Board.[58][59] Despite the MMOPL submitting the necessary paperwork on 22 April, the Railway Board did not grant approve until late May 2014. According to railway officials, this was because the rakes and wheels used in the metro were "of a new kind, with newer dimensions".[52] Another reason given for the delay was the change of government at the Centre following the 2014 general elections.[60] Railway Minister D.V. Sadananda Gowda gave the final approval on 5 June.[61][62] MMOPL Chief Executive Abhay Mishra announced on 7 June that the metro would open the following day.[63]
A key proposal of the Station Area Traffic Improvement Scheme (SATIS) was the integration of the metro rail system with the BEST. The BEST and the BMC jointly worked towards relocating existing bus stops. BEST bus feeder routes were created along the metro corridor. Bus stops have electronic indicators displaying the expected arrival time of the next train, and information about bus schedules is available inside the metro stations. The MMRDA widened footpaths below metro stations. Parking for bikes and motorbikes is available at all stations.[64][65][66][67]
Accidents[edit]
Eight accidents occurred during the construction of Line 1. The first occurred in May 2008 when 1 person was killed and another injured, when a pile rig collapsed at a construction site in Andheri (West). In 2009, 4 people were injured, when a steel reinforcement cage and temporary scaffolding of a concrete pillar caved in it Andheri (East). In April 2012, a crane at a construction site in Ghatkopar, veered off a truck and crashed on a portion of the nearby Sarvodaya Hospital. No one was injured as the affected portion of the hospital building was empty at the time.[68]
On 5 September 2012, a slab collapsed at the under-construction Subhash Nagar metro station in Andheri, killing one construction worker and injuring 16 people.[69] Following the incident, construction work on the metro was suspended. MMOPL fined the contractor, Hindustan Construction Company, ₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹11 lakh or US$18,000 in 2015).[70] On 11 September 2012, MMOPL appointed Geneva-based SGS Consultants as independent safety consultants for the construction of Line 1. Construction resumed on 25 September 2012, under the supervision of SGS Consultants, after the consultant submitted its preliminary report to the MMOPL.[71] The consultant remained with the project until the completion of Line 1 to help prevent future accidents.[72]
According to SVR Srinivas, then additional metropolitan commissioner at MMRDA, "The accident was basically due to voids in the support. The support weakened due to rain and utilities underneath created voids. So, it was basically due to loosening of the soil due to construction activity and its erosion due to heavy rain that the support weakened. If because of any reason a part of the support settles, stress increases on the staging and causes it to fail leading to a cascading effect".[73]
Eight accidents occurred during the construction of Line 1. The first occurred in May 2008 when 1 person was killed and another injured, when a pile rig collapsed at a construction site in Andheri (West). In 2009, 4 people were injured, when a steel reinforcement cage and temporary scaffolding of a concrete pillar caved in it Andheri (East). In April 2012, a crane at a construction site in Ghatkopar, veered off a truck and crashed on a portion of the nearby Sarvodaya Hospital. No one was injured as the affected portion of the hospital building was empty at the time.[68]
On 5 September 2012, a slab collapsed at the under-construction Subhash Nagar metro station in Andheri, killing one construction worker and injuring 16 people.[69] Following the incident, construction work on the metro was suspended. MMOPL fined the contractor, Hindustan Construction Company, ₹10 lakh (equivalent to ₹11 lakh or US$18,000 in 2015).[70] On 11 September 2012, MMOPL appointed Geneva-based SGS Consultants as independent safety consultants for the construction of Line 1. Construction resumed on 25 September 2012, under the supervision of SGS Consultants, after the consultant submitted its preliminary report to the MMOPL.[71] The consultant remained with the project until the completion of Line 1 to help prevent future accidents.[72]
According to SVR Srinivas, then additional metropolitan commissioner at MMRDA, "The accident was basically due to voids in the support. The support weakened due to rain and utilities underneath created voids. So, it was basically due to loosening of the soil due to construction activity and its erosion due to heavy rain that the support weakened. If because of any reason a part of the support settles, stress increases on the staging and causes it to fail leading to a cascading effect".[73]
Opening[edit]
The first metro service was flagged off by Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithivraj Chavan, along with Reliance Chairman Anil Ambani and wife Tina Ambani, on 8 June at 10:10 am from Versova station. Chavan's appearance at the inauguration came despite the fact that he had threatened to boycott the ceremony the previous day to protest RInfra's decision to raise fares.[74][75][76] The line was scheduled to open to the public at 12:10pm, with the first service departing from Ghatkopar station.[77] This was delayed by 10 minutes and departed at 12:20 pm. The train was further delayed by nearly half an hour, as it had to halt beyond the planned dwell time at certain stations due to a technical glitch.[78][79] This in turn caused some other trains to also be delayed by 20–30 minutes.[80][81]
MMOPL announced a special introductory fare of ₹10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service.[7] The authority also announced that children under the age of 12 years and/or up to 4 feet tall, and accompanied by their parents, could travel for free on opening weekend.[82][83] On opening day, the line was operated for 11 hours, and carried 2.40 lakh commuters. The second day, which saw the line operated for its entire 18.5 hour schedule, saw 2.97 lakh commuters use the line. Line 1 had transported 1 million passengers by 4:30 pm on 11 June or within 59 operating hours; reaching the milestone quicker than any other Indian metro system.[84] In the first week of operations, 21.56 lakh commuters travelled on the line, at an average of 3.08 lakh daily.[85] Within days of the metro's opening, many commuters switched from using BEST buses and autos. Authorities estimated a 25% reduction in BEST commuters along the route as a result of them metro.[86] Ticket sales on BEST Bus Route Number 340, the most popular bus route between Andheri and Ghatkopar, dropped by ₹1.5 lakh in the first 3 days of Line 1's opening.[87]
The first metro service was flagged off by Maharashtra Chief Minister Prithivraj Chavan, along with Reliance Chairman Anil Ambani and wife Tina Ambani, on 8 June at 10:10 am from Versova station. Chavan's appearance at the inauguration came despite the fact that he had threatened to boycott the ceremony the previous day to protest RInfra's decision to raise fares.[74][75][76] The line was scheduled to open to the public at 12:10pm, with the first service departing from Ghatkopar station.[77] This was delayed by 10 minutes and departed at 12:20 pm. The train was further delayed by nearly half an hour, as it had to halt beyond the planned dwell time at certain stations due to a technical glitch.[78][79] This in turn caused some other trains to also be delayed by 20–30 minutes.[80][81]
MMOPL announced a special introductory fare of ₹10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service.[7] The authority also announced that children under the age of 12 years and/or up to 4 feet tall, and accompanied by their parents, could travel for free on opening weekend.[82][83] On opening day, the line was operated for 11 hours, and carried 2.40 lakh commuters. The second day, which saw the line operated for its entire 18.5 hour schedule, saw 2.97 lakh commuters use the line. Line 1 had transported 1 million passengers by 4:30 pm on 11 June or within 59 operating hours; reaching the milestone quicker than any other Indian metro system.[84] In the first week of operations, 21.56 lakh commuters travelled on the line, at an average of 3.08 lakh daily.[85] Within days of the metro's opening, many commuters switched from using BEST buses and autos. Authorities estimated a 25% reduction in BEST commuters along the route as a result of them metro.[86] Ticket sales on BEST Bus Route Number 340, the most popular bus route between Andheri and Ghatkopar, dropped by ₹1.5 lakh in the first 3 days of Line 1's opening.[87]
Finances[edit]
Construction cost[edit]
The original estimated cost of constructing Line 1 was ₹2356 crore (equivalent to ₹39 billion or US$620 million in 2015) when the contract was signed in March 2007.[88] However, delays increased the cost by 84% over six years, and the project cost was ₹4321 crore (US$690 million).[89][90]
To offset the escalation, RInfra-led MMOPL asked for a 130-150% increase in fares.[91] An MMOPL spokesperson stated, "The principal reason for an increase is the inability of MMRDA to provide 100 per cent unencumbered RoW, which was contractually committed by MMRDA to be handed over to MMOPL on or before September 2007. The increase in fares is necessitated due to an increase in operating costs, owing to a steep increase in all economic indices; inflation, interest rate, foreign exchange, etc. These factors have also increased the estimated project cost." However, the MMRDA denied the request stating that the cost escalation of the project and the fare hike demand were separate issues. An MMRDA official told Business Standard, "There is no question of any fare hike right now, as the issue will be considered after the service is started by MMOPL. The rise in capital expenditure will not impact fares immediately."[92]
The original estimated cost of constructing Line 1 was ₹2356 crore (equivalent to ₹39 billion or US$620 million in 2015) when the contract was signed in March 2007.[88] However, delays increased the cost by 84% over six years, and the project cost was ₹4321 crore (US$690 million).[89][90]
To offset the escalation, RInfra-led MMOPL asked for a 130-150% increase in fares.[91] An MMOPL spokesperson stated, "The principal reason for an increase is the inability of MMRDA to provide 100 per cent unencumbered RoW, which was contractually committed by MMRDA to be handed over to MMOPL on or before September 2007. The increase in fares is necessitated due to an increase in operating costs, owing to a steep increase in all economic indices; inflation, interest rate, foreign exchange, etc. These factors have also increased the estimated project cost." However, the MMRDA denied the request stating that the cost escalation of the project and the fare hike demand were separate issues. An MMRDA official told Business Standard, "There is no question of any fare hike right now, as the issue will be considered after the service is started by MMOPL. The rise in capital expenditure will not impact fares immediately."[92]
Dispute over initial fare[edit]
The state government announced in 2004 that the fare as per 2003-04 levels was fixed as ₹6 up to 3 km, ₹8 for 3–8 km and ₹10 beyond 8 km.[93] The originally agreed tariff hike schedule until 2042-43, based on the fare formula of 1.5 times the BEST fare, provided for an 11% hike after every three years.[94] On 6 June 2013, the MMRDA stated that MMOPL had asked for the fares for Line 1 be increased by more than 50%, even though the metro had not yet been opened.[95] On 5 September 2013, the Chief Minister approved a revision of fares to between ₹9 and ₹13.[96] The notification allowed for fares to be raised by 11% every four years.[97]
On 11 September 2013, the MMOPL said that the metro would commence operations in December 2013, regardless of whether or not the fare increase was granted.[98] The Union Urban Department Ministry brought the Mumbai Metro under the Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act of 1978 on 18 November 2013, thereby granting MMOPL the authority to fix fares. Prior to this notification, Line 1 was under the Indian Tramways Act, 1886, and the Chief Minister had the sole power to decide fare revisions.[96] In a letter to the state government dated 7 February, the Urban Development Ministry stated, "MMOPL can fix the fare afresh after obtaining the recommendation of the Fare Fixation Committee (FFC). However, no FFC recommendation is necessary to fix the initial fare." Fare fixation is governed by relevant provisions of the Metro Railways (operations and maintenance) Act, 2002.[99] The Ministry's notification permits initial fare fixation without an FFC recommendation, but makes it mandatory for subsequent fare revisions.[100]
In an interview with DNA published on 9 May, MMRDA Commissioner U.P.S. Madan declared that the August 2013 fares were final stating, "There is already a fare notification in place about metro, which is final. The notification was issued recently with a revision in ticket prices. The fare notification is final and binding."[101] Anil Galgali, an RTI activist and chairman of the Mumbai-based NGO Athak Seva Sangh, wrote a letter to the Chief Minister on 2 May 2014, urging him to use his special powers to prevent the fare hike. Galgali stated, "The Maharashtra state government should use its special powers and stop the new fares from being implemented. The delay in project and increase in cost is not the fault of Mumbai's citizens. It is the responsibility of the Maharashtra state government to act against MMOPL's demands." He further accused the MMOPL of "blackmailing the government and playing with citizens".[102][103] MMOPL announced the minimum and maximum fares on the line as ₹10 and ₹40 respectively in early May 2014.[104] However, MMOPL later announced a special introductory fare of ₹10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service, i.e. from 8 June to 8 July.[7]
The state government announced in 2004 that the fare as per 2003-04 levels was fixed as ₹6 up to 3 km, ₹8 for 3–8 km and ₹10 beyond 8 km.[93] The originally agreed tariff hike schedule until 2042-43, based on the fare formula of 1.5 times the BEST fare, provided for an 11% hike after every three years.[94] On 6 June 2013, the MMRDA stated that MMOPL had asked for the fares for Line 1 be increased by more than 50%, even though the metro had not yet been opened.[95] On 5 September 2013, the Chief Minister approved a revision of fares to between ₹9 and ₹13.[96] The notification allowed for fares to be raised by 11% every four years.[97]
On 11 September 2013, the MMOPL said that the metro would commence operations in December 2013, regardless of whether or not the fare increase was granted.[98] The Union Urban Department Ministry brought the Mumbai Metro under the Metro Railways (Construction of Works) Act of 1978 on 18 November 2013, thereby granting MMOPL the authority to fix fares. Prior to this notification, Line 1 was under the Indian Tramways Act, 1886, and the Chief Minister had the sole power to decide fare revisions.[96] In a letter to the state government dated 7 February, the Urban Development Ministry stated, "MMOPL can fix the fare afresh after obtaining the recommendation of the Fare Fixation Committee (FFC). However, no FFC recommendation is necessary to fix the initial fare." Fare fixation is governed by relevant provisions of the Metro Railways (operations and maintenance) Act, 2002.[99] The Ministry's notification permits initial fare fixation without an FFC recommendation, but makes it mandatory for subsequent fare revisions.[100]
In an interview with DNA published on 9 May, MMRDA Commissioner U.P.S. Madan declared that the August 2013 fares were final stating, "There is already a fare notification in place about metro, which is final. The notification was issued recently with a revision in ticket prices. The fare notification is final and binding."[101] Anil Galgali, an RTI activist and chairman of the Mumbai-based NGO Athak Seva Sangh, wrote a letter to the Chief Minister on 2 May 2014, urging him to use his special powers to prevent the fare hike. Galgali stated, "The Maharashtra state government should use its special powers and stop the new fares from being implemented. The delay in project and increase in cost is not the fault of Mumbai's citizens. It is the responsibility of the Maharashtra state government to act against MMOPL's demands." He further accused the MMOPL of "blackmailing the government and playing with citizens".[102][103] MMOPL announced the minimum and maximum fares on the line as ₹10 and ₹40 respectively in early May 2014.[104] However, MMOPL later announced a special introductory fare of ₹10, regardless of distance, for the first 30 days of service, i.e. from 8 June to 8 July.[7]
Stations[edit]
There are 12 stations on Line 1. All stations have three levels that are accessed via stairs, escalators, and elevators. Trains leave from the second floor, which is the Platform level.[6] There is a maximum gap of 85 mm between the platform and train doors.[107]
There are 100 staircases (minimum 4 in each station), 45 elevators and 95 escalators on the 12 stations of Line 1.[6][107] Platforms have polycarbonate roofs which allow them to be naturally lit.[6] Stations feature murals created by university students. Metro authorities organised the "Majhi Metro" festival and requested art and architecture students to enter a contest, where the winners were awarded the opportunity to design and style a metro station, based on the theme "Mumbai".[108]
On 3 July 2013, MMOPL announced that Wi-Fi services were enabled at all 12 stations on the line. The facility is expected to be available on moving trains by the end of the month. You Broadband is the service provider.[109][110]
There are no parking facilities available on Line 1. The MMRDA stated that this was because there was no space available.[111] The Ghatkopar station is connected with the western side of the Ghatkopar railway station through a 12-meter wide foot-over-bridge.[112][113][114]
# Station Distance (km) Grade Connections Inter-station FromVersova FromGhatkopar 1 Versova 0 0 10.821 Elevated None 2 D.N. Nagar 0.955 0.955 9.866 Elevated Line 2 (Planned) 3 Azad Nagar 0.796 1.751 9.07 Elevated None 4 Andheri 1.36 3.111 7.71 Elevated Andheri railway station
(Western Line, Harbour Line, Indian Railways) 5 Western Express Highway 1.007 4.118 6.703 Elevated None 6 Chakala 1.264 5.382 5.439 Elevated None 7 Airport Road 0.725 6.107 4.714 Elevated None 8 Marol Naka 0.598 6.705 4.116 Elevated Line 3 (Planned) 9 Saki Naka 1.075 7.78 3.041 Elevated None 10 Asalpha 1.123 8.903 1.918 Elevated None 11 Jagruti Nagar 0.862 9.765 1.056 Elevated None 12 Ghatkopar 1.056 10.821 0 Elevated Ghatkopar railway station (Central Line)
There are 12 stations on Line 1. All stations have three levels that are accessed via stairs, escalators, and elevators. Trains leave from the second floor, which is the Platform level.[6] There is a maximum gap of 85 mm between the platform and train doors.[107]
There are 100 staircases (minimum 4 in each station), 45 elevators and 95 escalators on the 12 stations of Line 1.[6][107] Platforms have polycarbonate roofs which allow them to be naturally lit.[6] Stations feature murals created by university students. Metro authorities organised the "Majhi Metro" festival and requested art and architecture students to enter a contest, where the winners were awarded the opportunity to design and style a metro station, based on the theme "Mumbai".[108]
On 3 July 2013, MMOPL announced that Wi-Fi services were enabled at all 12 stations on the line. The facility is expected to be available on moving trains by the end of the month. You Broadband is the service provider.[109][110]
There are no parking facilities available on Line 1. The MMRDA stated that this was because there was no space available.[111] The Ghatkopar station is connected with the western side of the Ghatkopar railway station through a 12-meter wide foot-over-bridge.[112][113][114]
| # | Station | Distance (km) | Grade | Connections | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Inter-station | FromVersova | FromGhatkopar | ||||
| 1 | Versova | 0 | 0 | 10.821 | Elevated | None |
| 2 | D.N. Nagar | 0.955 | 0.955 | 9.866 | Elevated | Line 2 (Planned) |
| 3 | Azad Nagar | 0.796 | 1.751 | 9.07 | Elevated | None |
| 4 | Andheri | 1.36 | 3.111 | 7.71 | Elevated | Andheri railway station (Western Line, Harbour Line, Indian Railways) |
| 5 | Western Express Highway | 1.007 | 4.118 | 6.703 | Elevated | None |
| 6 | Chakala | 1.264 | 5.382 | 5.439 | Elevated | None |
| 7 | Airport Road | 0.725 | 6.107 | 4.714 | Elevated | None |
| 8 | Marol Naka | 0.598 | 6.705 | 4.116 | Elevated | Line 3 (Planned) |
| 9 | Saki Naka | 1.075 | 7.78 | 3.041 | Elevated | None |
| 10 | Asalpha | 1.123 | 8.903 | 1.918 | Elevated | None |
| 11 | Jagruti Nagar | 0.862 | 9.765 | 1.056 | Elevated | None |
| 12 | Ghatkopar | 1.056 | 10.821 | 0 | Elevated | Ghatkopar railway station (Central Line) |
Infrastructure[edit]
Rolling stock[edit]
Six international firms - Siemens, Bombardier, Alstom, Rotem-Hyundai, Chunyun, and Nippon Sharyo - were shortlisted to provide rolling stock for the line,[115] butCSR Nanjing was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock.[116] CSR Nanjing was awarded a contract in May 2008 to supply 16 trains of 4 cars each for a total fee of₹6 billion (equivalent to ₹9.1 billion or US$140 million in 2015). The first rake was shipped from Shanghai on 23 March 2010,[117] and the last rake arrived at Mumbai port by the end of February 2014.[48][118]
Line 1 was allotted 64 coaches.[119] Fourteen trains (of four cars) are in service during rush hour, and seven or eight in non-peak hours.[120] All coaches are air-conditioned and have humidity control, and designed to reduce noise and vibration.[121] Each coach is approximately 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) wide[122] and has 48 seats. A coach has a capacity of 375 passengers, and a single four car train has a total capacity of 1500 passengers. The coach body is made of lightweight stainless steel, with fire resistant metal doors. Coaches have metallic silver colour exteriors, and can be covered with vinyl sheets to display advertisements. The interior features anti-skid floors, and longitudinal seats with dedicated space to accommodate wheelchairs.[107] Trains on Line 1 are fitted with the VTS Firetide 7010 video transmission system.[40] Coaches are also fitted with LED displays showing dynamic route map, and LCD TVs for entertainment, information and advertising. Windows in coaches are made of double glazedlaminated glass to shut out noise. Each coach has 8 externally hung, sliding bi-parting doors except the pilot cabin which has only 2. Doors are broad to enable wheelchair access. The maximum gap between the station platform and the doors is 85 mm.[107] Trains are outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, including 3D route maps, first-aid kits, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver.[21] Each coach contains ablack box to assist in accident investigations.[21]
The rolling stock is cleaned daily in an automated washing plant utilizing eco-friendly technology. The washing plant lies on the track leading into the depot, and can be used by all trains entering or exiting the depot. The plant pre-wets the coaches and then adds the water-based detergent. The entire train is washed in one pass. At the final stage of the plant, reverse osmosis removes stains on glass and the smell left after washing. According to an MMOPL official, "The only action the Metro pilot will have to take is slow the train down to under 5 kmph while in the passage of the plant. Any train that does not need to be washed will pass the automated wash plant without any hindrance by moving at a speed of more than 5 kmph. A panel displays all data like the number of trains washed, the process a train is going through, the water and the chemical indicator. The trains can be cleaned in less than three minutes with just 600 litres of water, of which 80% is recyclable." Manual high-pressure washing would require 3 hours and 3,000 litres of water.[123]
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Six international firms - Siemens, Bombardier, Alstom, Rotem-Hyundai, Chunyun, and Nippon Sharyo - were shortlisted to provide rolling stock for the line,[115] butCSR Nanjing was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock.[116] CSR Nanjing was awarded a contract in May 2008 to supply 16 trains of 4 cars each for a total fee of₹6 billion (equivalent to ₹9.1 billion or US$140 million in 2015). The first rake was shipped from Shanghai on 23 March 2010,[117] and the last rake arrived at Mumbai port by the end of February 2014.[48][118]
Line 1 was allotted 64 coaches.[119] Fourteen trains (of four cars) are in service during rush hour, and seven or eight in non-peak hours.[120] All coaches are air-conditioned and have humidity control, and designed to reduce noise and vibration.[121] Each coach is approximately 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) wide[122] and has 48 seats. A coach has a capacity of 375 passengers, and a single four car train has a total capacity of 1500 passengers. The coach body is made of lightweight stainless steel, with fire resistant metal doors. Coaches have metallic silver colour exteriors, and can be covered with vinyl sheets to display advertisements. The interior features anti-skid floors, and longitudinal seats with dedicated space to accommodate wheelchairs.[107] Trains on Line 1 are fitted with the VTS Firetide 7010 video transmission system.[40] Coaches are also fitted with LED displays showing dynamic route map, and LCD TVs for entertainment, information and advertising. Windows in coaches are made of double glazedlaminated glass to shut out noise. Each coach has 8 externally hung, sliding bi-parting doors except the pilot cabin which has only 2. Doors are broad to enable wheelchair access. The maximum gap between the station platform and the doors is 85 mm.[107] Trains are outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, including 3D route maps, first-aid kits, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver.[21] Each coach contains ablack box to assist in accident investigations.[21]
The rolling stock is cleaned daily in an automated washing plant utilizing eco-friendly technology. The washing plant lies on the track leading into the depot, and can be used by all trains entering or exiting the depot. The plant pre-wets the coaches and then adds the water-based detergent. The entire train is washed in one pass. At the final stage of the plant, reverse osmosis removes stains on glass and the smell left after washing. According to an MMOPL official, "The only action the Metro pilot will have to take is slow the train down to under 5 kmph while in the passage of the plant. Any train that does not need to be washed will pass the automated wash plant without any hindrance by moving at a speed of more than 5 kmph. A panel displays all data like the number of trains washed, the process a train is going through, the water and the chemical indicator. The trains can be cleaned in less than three minutes with just 600 litres of water, of which 80% is recyclable." Manual high-pressure washing would require 3 hours and 3,000 litres of water.[123]
Power[edit]
Signaling and communications[edit]
Line 1 features an advanced signaling system, including an automatic train protection system (ATPS) and automated signaling to control train movements.[126] Siemens supplied the signalling and train control systems required for the project,[124] while Thales Group supplied the communication systems. The network's signaling and train control systems will be based on LZB 700M technology.[125]
Line 1 features an advanced signaling system, including an automatic train protection system (ATPS) and automated signaling to control train movements.[126] Siemens supplied the signalling and train control systems required for the project,[124] while Thales Group supplied the communication systems. The network's signaling and train control systems will be based on LZB 700M technology.[125]
Bridges[edit]
Line 1 contains a 1284-metre steel bridge, modeled on the Howrah Bridge inKolkata,[127] crossing the Western Line at Andheri. Construction of the bridge, which is supported by 3 pillars, started in early 2012 and completed on 23 December 2012. The metropolitan administration claims the bridge was built in 288 days which is a record. It cost ₹350 million (equivalent to ₹400 million or US$6.4 million in 2015).[128] The bridge, which was initially planned to be made of concrete, was constructed of steel by Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company (BBJ), Kolkata, who also fabricated the Howrah Bridge. The steel girders were pre-fabricated at BBJ's Heavy Plant Yard in Kolkata. The bridge was then disassembled and transported over the course of a week to the site.[128]
Another notable bridge on Line 1, is the 175 metre long cable-stayed bridge over the Andheri Flyover on the Western Express Highway. The Andheri flyover is 13 metres above ground level, and the metro line travels 6.5 metres above it. The bridge is 39 metres above the ground at its highest point. Construction on the bridge started in mid-2009 and was completed on 24 August 2012. The bridge was built by MMOPL with the help of Switzerland-based VSL International Ltd.[129]
Line 1 contains a 1284-metre steel bridge, modeled on the Howrah Bridge inKolkata,[127] crossing the Western Line at Andheri. Construction of the bridge, which is supported by 3 pillars, started in early 2012 and completed on 23 December 2012. The metropolitan administration claims the bridge was built in 288 days which is a record. It cost ₹350 million (equivalent to ₹400 million or US$6.4 million in 2015).[128] The bridge, which was initially planned to be made of concrete, was constructed of steel by Braithwaite Burn & Jessop Construction Company (BBJ), Kolkata, who also fabricated the Howrah Bridge. The steel girders were pre-fabricated at BBJ's Heavy Plant Yard in Kolkata. The bridge was then disassembled and transported over the course of a week to the site.[128]
Another notable bridge on Line 1, is the 175 metre long cable-stayed bridge over the Andheri Flyover on the Western Express Highway. The Andheri flyover is 13 metres above ground level, and the metro line travels 6.5 metres above it. The bridge is 39 metres above the ground at its highest point. Construction on the bridge started in mid-2009 and was completed on 24 August 2012. The bridge was built by MMOPL with the help of Switzerland-based VSL International Ltd.[129]
Wastewater treatment[edit]
On 1 October 2012, Xylem, a water technology provider based in the United States, announced that it had been awarded a contract to develop wastewater treatment and recycling systems for the Mumbai Metro. The value of the contract was undisclosed. The system will incorporate a 1.2-million-litre-capacity sewage treatment plant with wastewater recycling capabilities; trials of the plant were expected to be commissioned by late November 2012. The plant will be equipped with Xylem’s Sanitaire wastewater treatment technology, which is expected to help save up to 1.2 million litres of water a day.[130]
On 1 October 2012, Xylem, a water technology provider based in the United States, announced that it had been awarded a contract to develop wastewater treatment and recycling systems for the Mumbai Metro. The value of the contract was undisclosed. The system will incorporate a 1.2-million-litre-capacity sewage treatment plant with wastewater recycling capabilities; trials of the plant were expected to be commissioned by late November 2012. The plant will be equipped with Xylem’s Sanitaire wastewater treatment technology, which is expected to help save up to 1.2 million litres of water a day.[130]
Operations[edit]
Operator[edit]
The contract for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was awarded to the Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the MMRDA, in March 2007.[10] The MMOPL is a special purpose vehicle incorporated for the implementation of the Line 1 project. Reliance Infrastructure holds 69% of the equity share capital, while MMRDA holds 26% and remaining 5% is held by Veolia Transport.[131] MMOPL is the first public-private partnership initiative for a metro project in India.[132] The MMOPL is the designated Metro Railway Administrator of Line 1, as defined by the Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Although the Act requires the administrator to be under the scope of the Right to Information Act, a different mechanism is currently in place. The mechanism permits citizens to file RTI queries concerning Line 1 with the MMRDA, similar to the mechanism used by the privately financed Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon.[133]
The contract for the Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar corridor was awarded to the Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company owned by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the MMRDA, in March 2007.[10] The MMOPL is a special purpose vehicle incorporated for the implementation of the Line 1 project. Reliance Infrastructure holds 69% of the equity share capital, while MMRDA holds 26% and remaining 5% is held by Veolia Transport.[131] MMOPL is the first public-private partnership initiative for a metro project in India.[132] The MMOPL is the designated Metro Railway Administrator of Line 1, as defined by the Metro Railway (Operations and Maintenance) Act, 2002. Although the Act requires the administrator to be under the scope of the Right to Information Act, a different mechanism is currently in place. The mechanism permits citizens to file RTI queries concerning Line 1 with the MMRDA, similar to the mechanism used by the privately financed Rapid MetroRail Gurgaon.[133]
Ticketing and fares[edit]
The minimum and maximum fares on the line are ₹10 and ₹40 respectively, roughly 1.5 times the current unsubsidized BEST bus fare for a given distance.[104] Line 1 utilizes an Automatic Fare Collection System (AFC).[6] Riders can pay their fare using tokens or refillable smart cards. Smart cards can be recharged online.[134]
From 19 June 2014, the MMOPL introduced an off-peak fare of ₹5 on Line 1. The fare applies between any two stations, regardless of distance, from 5:30am to 8:00am on weekdays.[135] The relevant token must be purchased during off-peak hours and used within half an hour of purchase. Smartcards automatically deduct the lower fare if a commuter uses his card to exit the metro during off-peak hours.[136]
The minimum and maximum fares on the line are ₹10 and ₹40 respectively, roughly 1.5 times the current unsubsidized BEST bus fare for a given distance.[104] Line 1 utilizes an Automatic Fare Collection System (AFC).[6] Riders can pay their fare using tokens or refillable smart cards. Smart cards can be recharged online.[134]
From 19 June 2014, the MMOPL introduced an off-peak fare of ₹5 on Line 1. The fare applies between any two stations, regardless of distance, from 5:30am to 8:00am on weekdays.[135] The relevant token must be purchased during off-peak hours and used within half an hour of purchase. Smartcards automatically deduct the lower fare if a commuter uses his card to exit the metro during off-peak hours.[136]
Frequency[edit]
Ridership[edit]
A metro train has four coaches and an overall capacity of 1500 passengers (375 per coach).[63][139] The seating capacity of every coach alternates between 48 and 52, of which 4 seats in each coach are reserved for senior citizens and handicapped commuters.[140] From 15 August 2014, following demands by female commuters, 32 of 48 seats in the Versova-end coach of every four coach train is reserved for women. These seats are part of a reserved space for women which is separated from the rest of the coach by a strip separator and can accommodate 150 passengers, including standees. Male children under the age of 12, who are accompanied by female passengers, are permitted in the reserved space.[141][142][143] Prior to the introduction of the reserved space, 6 seats per coach had been reserved for women.[144]
According to the MMOPL, Line 1 has transported 18.5 million passengers as on 10 August 2014, with an average daily ridership of 300,000-500,000.[145]
A metro train has four coaches and an overall capacity of 1500 passengers (375 per coach).[63][139] The seating capacity of every coach alternates between 48 and 52, of which 4 seats in each coach are reserved for senior citizens and handicapped commuters.[140] From 15 August 2014, following demands by female commuters, 32 of 48 seats in the Versova-end coach of every four coach train is reserved for women. These seats are part of a reserved space for women which is separated from the rest of the coach by a strip separator and can accommodate 150 passengers, including standees. Male children under the age of 12, who are accompanied by female passengers, are permitted in the reserved space.[141][142][143] Prior to the introduction of the reserved space, 6 seats per coach had been reserved for women.[144]
According to the MMOPL, Line 1 has transported 18.5 million passengers as on 10 August 2014, with an average daily ridership of 300,000-500,000.[145]
Speed[edit]
The RDSO had initially permitted a maximum speed of only 50 km/hr. "These tracks have been constructed based on European standards but we follow Indian Railway standards. The two have differences on several technical parameters, including the tolerance limit of tracks and even curves," said a railway official.[146] The slower speed would have added around 7 minutes to the journey time.[146] Another reason why trains on the line operate at slower speeds is because stations are only 800 meters to 1 km, which prevents trains from picking up speed.[146]
The RDSO had initially permitted a maximum speed of only 50 km/hr. "These tracks have been constructed based on European standards but we follow Indian Railway standards. The two have differences on several technical parameters, including the tolerance limit of tracks and even curves," said a railway official.[146] The slower speed would have added around 7 minutes to the journey time.[146] Another reason why trains on the line operate at slower speeds is because stations are only 800 meters to 1 km, which prevents trains from picking up speed.[146]
Security[edit]
In a statement on released 13 December 2013, MMOPL announced, "Trained sniffer dogs will patrol each of the stations. There will be security guards in civilian dress who will intermingle with the public to check for any suspicious activity outside and inside the station premises." Security is provided by private security guards deployed by MMOPL and the Maharashtra State Security Corporation.[148]
Other security measures on Line 1 include metal detectors,[107] security cameras, frisking each passenger, and running their luggage through X-ray scanners.[148] All stations are fitted with fire alarm systems and fire safety devices, and trains have fire resistant metal doors.[107] Passengers are prohibited from carrying luggage measuring more than 2 ft x 1.5 ft on the metro.[149]
Stations are actively monitored by security personnel. A senior metro official explained, "The trained unit will keep an eye in the vicinity of Metro stations in plain clothes, posing as common men. The unit will be on the lookout for mischievous activities in Metro stations by miscreants and take necessary action. Depending on the kind and level of trouble and threat posed by such people, action will be taken against them. Senior security personnel will take a call if these persons can be punished or penalised under the Central Metro Act, or should be handed over to the local police for necessary action."[150]
Following an incident on the mostly underground Kolkata Metro Line 1 on 23 June 2014, where a non-AC metro train carrying passengers developed a glitch and got stuck inside a tunnel for an hour and a half, Mumbai Metro officials commented that their system has an emergency evacuation plan in place. An MMOPL spokesperson stated, "The evacuation process will take two minutes if passengers are asked to alight midsection and 7-10 minutes if the train has to be taken to the nearest station."[151]
In a statement on released 13 December 2013, MMOPL announced, "Trained sniffer dogs will patrol each of the stations. There will be security guards in civilian dress who will intermingle with the public to check for any suspicious activity outside and inside the station premises." Security is provided by private security guards deployed by MMOPL and the Maharashtra State Security Corporation.[148]
Other security measures on Line 1 include metal detectors,[107] security cameras, frisking each passenger, and running their luggage through X-ray scanners.[148] All stations are fitted with fire alarm systems and fire safety devices, and trains have fire resistant metal doors.[107] Passengers are prohibited from carrying luggage measuring more than 2 ft x 1.5 ft on the metro.[149]
Stations are actively monitored by security personnel. A senior metro official explained, "The trained unit will keep an eye in the vicinity of Metro stations in plain clothes, posing as common men. The unit will be on the lookout for mischievous activities in Metro stations by miscreants and take necessary action. Depending on the kind and level of trouble and threat posed by such people, action will be taken against them. Senior security personnel will take a call if these persons can be punished or penalised under the Central Metro Act, or should be handed over to the local police for necessary action."[150]
Following an incident on the mostly underground Kolkata Metro Line 1 on 23 June 2014, where a non-AC metro train carrying passengers developed a glitch and got stuck inside a tunnel for an hour and a half, Mumbai Metro officials commented that their system has an emergency evacuation plan in place. An MMOPL spokesperson stated, "The evacuation process will take two minutes if passengers are asked to alight midsection and 7-10 minutes if the train has to be taken to the nearest station."[151]
Retail and advertising[edit]
In December 2013, Times Innovative Media OOH acquired the advertising rights for Line 1 for a period of 15 years.[152]
All 12 stations on the line have food and beverage shops, convenience stores, and ATMs. Some stations have mobile accessories stores.[153] Lite Bite Foods Pvt Ltd (LBF) was awarded the food and beverage concessions across all stations on Line 1. LBF supports these outlets from their 6,400 sq ft commissary near the international airport.[154][155]
Stations on the line have special Dominos' Pizza outlets that can serve pizzas within 3-5 minutes of ordering, much lower than a typical outlet's 10-15 minutes. The outlets use turbo ovens and pizza warmers to reduce the time for preparation. The outlets also have glass windows through which customers can view their pizza being made. The outlets only serve pizzas of one specific size. The first such Dominos' Pizza outlet in India was opened at Chakala station in June 2015. Andheri and Versova were the next to receive such outlets, with plans to expand it to all stations on the line.[156]
In December 2013, Times Innovative Media OOH acquired the advertising rights for Line 1 for a period of 15 years.[152]
All 12 stations on the line have food and beverage shops, convenience stores, and ATMs. Some stations have mobile accessories stores.[153] Lite Bite Foods Pvt Ltd (LBF) was awarded the food and beverage concessions across all stations on Line 1. LBF supports these outlets from their 6,400 sq ft commissary near the international airport.[154][155]
Stations on the line have special Dominos' Pizza outlets that can serve pizzas within 3-5 minutes of ordering, much lower than a typical outlet's 10-15 minutes. The outlets use turbo ovens and pizza warmers to reduce the time for preparation. The outlets also have glass windows through which customers can view their pizza being made. The outlets only serve pizzas of one specific size. The first such Dominos' Pizza outlet in India was opened at Chakala station in June 2015. Andheri and Versova were the next to receive such outlets, with plans to expand it to all stations on the line.[156]
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- ^ a b Ashley D'Mello (13 July 2010). "'Work on Metro VAG line on track'". The Times of India. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
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- ^ Mumbai Metro bridge slab collapse; 1 killed, 11 injured
- ^ Mumbai: Metro bridge pillar collapses, 1 dead, 10 injured- Maharashtra- India-IBNLive
- ^ Metro officials appoint Geneva firm for safety at construction site - Hindustan Times
- ^ 3 weeks after mishap, Metro elevated corridor work restarts - Indian Express
- ^ Swiss firm to help prevent Metro mishaps - Express India
- ^ One dead, but MMRDA panel blames Mumbai Metro mishap on 'natural reasons' - Indian Express
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- ^ http://www.mid-day.com/articles/Mumbai-Metro-announces-free-weekend-joyride-for-u-12-children/15377170
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- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/City/Mumbai/Million-mark-for-Mumbai-Metro-on-just-4th-day/articleshow/36404198.cms
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- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Metro-cuts-BEST-yield-by-Rs-1-5-lakh/articleshow/36404215.cms
- ^ "No respite for Mumbai Metro as project cost jumps by 70 per cent". The Financial Express. 2014-05-01. Retrieved2014-05-26.
- ^ Ateeq Shaikh (2013-09-01). "Mumbai Metro ride is going to be an expensive one". DNA. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
- ^ "Mumbai Metro yet to move, fares move northwards".Hindustan Times. September 5, 2013. Retrieved2014-02-06.
- ^ "MMRDA seeks itemised break-up and reasons for Metro cost escalation". The Indian Express. 2014-02-06. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ "No immediate fare rise for Mumbai metro, declares MMRDA". Business Standard. 2014-01-18. Retrieved2014-03-27.
- ^ "CM okays Metro fare with max slab of Rs 13". The Indian Express. 2013-09-05. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
- ^ "Maharashtra seeks explanation for Metro fare hike demand". The Times of India. 2013-09-13. Retrieved2014-02-06.
- ^ "No one’s ridden metro yet, but operator wants 50% fare hike". Mumbai Mirror. 7 June 2013. Retrieved 7 July 2013.
- ^ a b Ateeq Shaikh (2014-05-01). "Steep hike in fare likely". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "Mumbai Metro may start soon as Reliance Infrastructure allowed to fix fares". The Economic Times. PTI. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "Metro 1 will be ready by year-end: MMOPL". Mumbai Mirror. 2013-09-12. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
- ^ Manthan K. Mehta (29 April 2014). "Fare hike likely for Versova-Ghatkopar Metro". The Times of India. TNN. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "Mumbai Metro may start soon as RInfra allowed to fix fares". Moneycontrol.com. 30 April 2014. Retrieved2014-05-26.
- ^ DNA Correspondent (2014-05-09). "There's a fare notification on Metro and it's final: UPS Madan". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "Chavan urged to stop Mumbai Metro from hiking fares".Business Standard. 2014-05-02. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ "Maharashtra CM urged to stop Mumbai Metro from hiking fares". Mid-day.com. 2 May 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ a b "Metro ride will cost Rs 10 to Rs 40 on VAG corridor".The Times of India. 2014-05-10. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/High-court-to-take-up-Mumbai-Metro-fare-dispute-on-June-13/articleshow/36313676.cms
- ^ http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/mumbai-metro-fare-hike-court-to-hear-case-on-friday/article6097735.ece
- ^ a b c d e f "Making sense of the Mumbai Metro - News". Mid-day.com. 13 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
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- ^ http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-water-leakage-in-mumbai-metro-now-you-can-use-wi-fi-at-metro-stations-to-tweet-it-1999563
- ^ Manasi Phadke (3 April 2012). "Authority mulls parking lots at upcoming Metro stations". The Indian Express. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ Ateeq Shaikh (2014-03-31). "Ghatkopar railway station to soon to be integrated with metro station". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2014-06-17.
- ^ http://freepressjournal.in/commuters-sandwiched-between-mumbai-metro-and-railways/
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- ^ Chittaranjan Tembhekar (2007-10-27). "MNCs eye Metro Rail pie". DNA. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ "Mumbai Metro One Project updates". mumbai-metro.com. Retrieved 2010-08-25.
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- ^ "Plans to add 44 more coaches to first Metro". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 12 June 2012.
- ^ Ateeq Shaikh (2014-05-01). "Mumbai Metro may open to public after mid-May". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved2014-05-26.
- ^ Ateeq Shaikh (2013-05-01). "A Mumbai Metro train every three minutes". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ Katkurwar, Saurabh (26 February 2012). "CIDCO opts for wider metro coaches". MiD DAY. Retrieved 28 March2012.
- ^ http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/mumbai/Green-technology-to-clean-Metro-in-Mumbai/articleshow/35690139.cms
- ^ a b DNA Correspondent (2008-08-01). "ABB gets Metro’s first corridor". DNA. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ a b "MMOPL awards contract to ABB, Siemens, SEW". Projects Today. 8 January 2008. Retrieved 2010-01-15.
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- ^ 'Howrah Bridge' coming soon to Andheri
- ^ a b "Metro ride in June '13? Work on crucial bridge completed". The Times Of India.
- ^ Metro marvel: Cable-stayed bridge complete - Hindustan Times
- ^ "Xylem bags Mumbai metro rail contract for wastewater treatment". The Hindu Business Line. 1 October 2012.
- ^ "Mumbai Metro closer to operations, to get speed certificate this week". The Economic Times. PTI. 2014-03-23. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ D'Mello, Ashley, 04.37am IST (10 September 2007). "Saki Naka bottleneck for Metro team". The Times of India. Retrieved 29 March 2012.
- ^ Binoo Nair (26 May 2014). "Reliance's Versova-Andheri Mumbai Metro won't come under RTI". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ Ateeq Shaikh (2014-05-02). "Metro One plans online smart card recharge". Dnaindia.com. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
- ^ http://www.asianage.com/mumbai/metro-gets-cheaper-peak-hours-701[dead link]
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- ^ "Metro to operate for 18.5 hrs every day". Mumbai Mirror. 2014-04-30. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
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- ^ http://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/18-5-mn-mumbaikars-traveled-in-mumbai-metro-since-its-launch-114081100487_1.html
- ^ a b c "Mumbai's 'superfast' metros will only run at 50 kmph for now". Mid-day.com. 2014-03-09. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ "Mumbai Metro services to begin by end of March". Daijiworld.com. 2014-03-10. Retrieved 2014-03-27.
- ^ a b "Metro rail to have sniffer dog, bomb detection squads". DNA. 2013-12-14. Retrieved 2014-02-06.
- ^ "Airport station to bear brunt of Metro ban on heavy bags". Mumbai Mirror. 2014-05-01. Retrieved 2014-05-26.
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- ^ "Times OOH unveils advt, sponsorship options at Mumbai Metro". Business Standard. 2014-02-12. Retrieved2014-03-27.
- ^ http://indianexpress.com/article/cities/mumbai/metro-commuters-can-shop-on-the-move-stations-to-get-retail-outlets/
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- ^ http://rtn.asia/d-r/11407/dominos-to-offer-pizzas-on-mumbai-metro-in-3-5-minutes
External links[edit]
- The official site of Mumbai Metro
[hide]
Line 1
Line 3
- Cuffe Parade
- Vidhan Bhavan
- Churchgate
- Hutatma Chowk
- Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus
- Kalbadevi
- Girgaon
- Grant Road
- Mumbai Central
- Mahalaxmi
- Science Museum
- Acharya Atrey Chowk
- Worli
- Siddhivinayak
- Dadar
- Shitladevi Temple
- Dharavi
- Bandra
- Vidyanagri
- Santacruz
- CSIA Domestic
- Sahar Road
- CSIA International
- Marol
- MIDC
- SEEPZ
The stations in italics are planned/under construction.
- The official site of Mumbai Metro
| ||||||||||||||
Mumbai Metro
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 | ||
 | ||
| Overview | ||
|---|---|---|
| Native name | मुंबई मेट्रो | |
| Owner | Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA) | |
| Locale | Mumbai, Maharashtra, India | |
| Transit type | Rapid transit | |
| Number of lines | 1 (operational)[1] 3 (planned) | |
| Number of stations | 12 (operational) 93 (planned) | |
| Daily ridership | 2.77 lakh (Line 1 average)[2] | |
| Website | reliancemumbaimetro | |
| Operation | ||
| Began operation | 8 June 2014 (Line 1) | |
| Operator(s) | Mumbai Metro One Private Limited (Line 1) Mumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited (Line 3) | |
| Train length | 4–6 coach trainsets[3] | |
| Headway | 4–8 minutes | |
| Technical | ||
| System length | 11.4 km (7.1 mi) (operational)[1] 160.9 km (100.0 mi) (planned) | |
| Track gauge | 1,435 mm (4 ft 81⁄2 in) (Standard gauge) | |
| Electrification | 25 kV, 50 Hz AC through overhead catenary[4] | |
| Average speed | 33 km/h (21 mph)[3] | |
| Top speed | 80 km/h (50 mph)[3] | |
| ||
Mumbai Metro is a rapid transit system serving the city of Mumbai,Maharashtra. The system is designed to reduce traffic congestion in the city, and supplement the overcrowded Mumbai Suburban Railway network. It will be built in three phases over a 15-year period, with overall completion expected in 2021. When complete, the core system will comprise three high-capacity metro railwaylines, spanning a total of 63 kilometres (39 mi). Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro is operated by Mumbai Metro One Pvt Ltd (MMOPL), a joint venture company formed by Reliance Infrastructure, Veolia Transport and the Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA).
In June 2006, then-Prime Minister of India Manmohan Singh laid the foundation stone for the first phase of the Mumbai Metro project. Construction work began in February 2008.[5][6][7] A successful trial run was conducted in May 2013,[8][9][10] and the system's first line entered operation on 8 June 2014, though some aspects of the project were afflicted by delays and cost issues.[6][11][12][13]
Contents
[hide]History[edit]
Mumbai is capital of Maharashtra,Richest state of India. It is among the largest cities in the world, with a total metropolitan areapopulation of over 20 million as of 2011,[14] and a population growth rate of around 2% per annum.[15] Mumbai has the advantage of a high modal share of the public (88%) in favour of a public mass transport system. The existing Mumbai Suburban Railway carries over 7 million passengers per day,[16] and is supplemented by theBrihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport (BEST) bus system, which provides feeder services to station-going passengers to allow them to complete their journeys. However, due to the city's geographical constraints and rapid population growth, road and rail infrastructure development has not been able to keep pace with growing demand over the last 4-5 decades.[17] Moreover, the Mumbai Suburban Railway, though extensive, is not built to rapid transit specifications. The main objective of the Mumbai Metro is to provide mass rapid transit services to people within an approach distance of between 1 and 2 kilometres, and to serve the areas not connected by the existing Suburban Rail network.
| Phase | Line | Name of the corridor | Length (km) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Phase I (2006–2011) | 1 | Versova - Andheri – Ghatkopar | 11.07 |
| 2 | Colaba - Bandra – Charkop | 38.24 | |
| 3 | Bandra - Kurla – Mankhurd | 13.37 | |
| Phase II (2011–2016) | 4 | Charkop - Dahisar | 7.5 |
| 5 | Ghatkopar – Mulund | 12.4 | |
| Phase III (2016–2021) | 6 | BKC - Kanjur Marg via Airport | 9.5 |
| 7 | Andheri(E) - Dahisar(E) | 18 | |
| 8 | Hutatma Chowk – Ghatkopar | 21.8 | |
| 9 | Sewri – Prabhadevi | 3.5 |
The Government of Maharashtra through the MMRDA, in order to improve the traffic and transportation scenario in Mumbai and to cater to the future travel needs in the next 2-3 decades began exploring the viability of various alternative mass transit systems which are efficient, economically viable and environment friendly. In this context, a detailed feasibility study was carried out under Indo-German technical co-operation by entrusting the consultancy work to TEWET in association with DE-Consult and TCS, during 1997–2000. The study recommended a mass transit corridor from Andheri to Ghatkopar as potentially bankable and economically viable, after examining a number of alternative corridors and alignments. This study was updated by MMRDA in May 2004. Meanwhile, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) prepared the master plan for Mumbai metro, wherein they recommended extending the Andheri-Ghatkopar section to Versova as part of the master plan and identified it as a priority corridor for implementation. The State Government declared the project as a "public vital infrastructure project" and designated the MMRDA as the Project Implementation Agency (PIA).[17] The master plan unveiled by the MMRDA in 2004 encompassed a total of 146.5 kilometres (91.0 mi) of track, of which 32 kilometres (20 mi) would be underground.[18] The Mumbai Metro was proposed to be built in three phases, at an estimated cost of ₹19,525 crore.[17] In September 2009, the proposed Hutatma Chowk – Ghatkopar was reduced to a line between Hutatma Chowk and Carnac Bunder.[19] In 2010, the MMRDA revised the estimated cost of constructing the nine lines to ₹36000 crore (US$5.7 billion).[18] In November 2010, it was decided to extend the Ghatkopar-Mulund route to Teen Haath Naka in Thane.[19]
In 2011, the MMRDA unveiled plans for an extended Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ metro line. According to its earlier plans, a 20-km Colaba-to-Bandra metro line was to be constructed, running underground for 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) from Colaba toMahalaxmi, and then on an elevated track from Mahalaxmi to Bandra. However, the MMRDA decided to increase ridership on the line by running it out past Bandra to Chatrapati Shivaji International Airport. The 33.5-kilometre (20.8 mi) Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ line will be built at a cost of ₹21000 crore (US$3.3 billion),[20] and will be the city's first underground metro line. It will have 27 stations.[21]
On 27 February 2012, the Union Government gave in-principle approval to the plan for Line 3. Money for the project is being borrowed from Japanese International Cooperation Agency (50%), the state government (16%), the central government (14%), and others.[22] In April 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to grant the Mumbai Metro Rail Company increased management autonomy, in an effort to enhance the project's operational efficiency.[23] In July 2012, the MMRDA announced plans to add more metro lines to its existing plan, including a line parallel to the Western Express Highway fromBandra to Dahisar. This line is expected to reduce the passenger load on the Western Line and vehicle traffic on the highway. Another proposed route, the 30-kilometre (19 mi), 28-station Wadala–Kasarvadvali line, received in-principle approval from the state government in 2013.[24] The MMRDA also intends to convert the proposed Lokhandwala–SEEPZ–Kanjurmarg monorail route into a metro line.[25]
The Mumbai Metro master plan was revised by the MMRDA in 2012, increasing the total length of the proposed network to 160.90 km.[26]The following table shows the updated master plan unveiled by the MMRDA:
| Line | Name of Corridor[27] | Length (km) | Estimated cost (2012) | Status |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Versova–Andheri–Ghatkopar | 11.40 | ₹2356 | Opened |
| 2 | Charkop–Bandra–Mankhurd | 32 | ₹7660 | Merged with Charkop–Dahisar route |
| 3 | Colaba–Bandra–SEEPZ | 33.5 | ₹24,430 | Tendering |
| 4 | Charkop–Dahisar | 7.8 | ₹4680 | Merged with Charkop–Bandra–Mankhurd route |
| 5 | Wadala–Ghatkopar-Mulund–Teen Hath Naka (Thane)–Kasarvadavali | 30.7 | ₹8757 | Planning as Line 4 |
| 6 | Wadala–Carnac Bunder | 13.5 | ₹2635 | Cancelled[28] |
| 7 | SEEPZ–Kanjurmarg | 10.5 | ₹4200 | Planning |
| 8 | Andheri (E)–Dahisar (E) | 18 | ₹10,800 | Planning |
| 9 | Sewri–Prabhadevi | 3.50 | ₹2100 | |
| Total | 160.90 | ₹67618 crore(US$11 billion) |
On 18 February 2013, the MMRDA signed a memorandum of understanding with Transport for London, the transit authorityin Greater London. The arrangement will facilitate the exchange of information, personnel and technology in the transportation sector.[29][30][31][32]
The revised Mumbai Metro master plan had proposed a line along the Thane-Teen Haath Naka-Kaapurbavdi-Ghodbunder Road route. The feasibility report concluded that the line was not feasible as most residents of Thane and its neighbouring areas travelled to Mumbai for work daily. On 14 June 2014, Chavan announced that the MMRDA was instead examining a proposal for a metro line along the new proposed route of Wadala-Ghatkopar-Teen Haat Naka route. RITES will prepare the detailed project report and is expected to submit it by August 2014. The preliminary report proposed a 32 km line with 29 stations, to be built at an estimated cost of ₹22,000 crore.[33] This would be the fourth line of the metro, after the previously proposed Charkop-Dahisar route was merged with the Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd route to form Line 2.[34]
Following the opening of Line 1, MMRDA metropolitan commissioner UPS Madan statetd that the authority would focus on constructing the Colaba-Bandra-SEEPZ, Dahisar-Bandra-Mankhurd, and Wadala-Thane-Kasarvadavali lines. He also stated that the other proposed lines had not been cancelled and that they may be implemented in the future.[28] In May 2015, the MMRDA stated that it had begun planning for the Andheri-Dahisar line and Seepz-Kanjurmarg. Both lines are expected to be elevated, although the latter could be constructed underground if a proposal to extend Line 3 to Kanjurmarg is undertaken. DPRs for both lines had been prepared in 2004, along with the master plan, and the MMRDA would now update the DPRs. The agency also intends to construct Line 9 of the metro as an underground corridor from Sewri to Worli. However, planning for the project will only begun after the construction of the proposed Mumbai Trans Harbour Linkcommences.[35]
In a report on 14 November 2014 about the cancellation of the PPP agreement for Line 2, Mint quoted a senior MMRDA official as stating, "as decided earlier, all future lines of Mumbai Metro will be constructed by the Mumbai Metro Railway Corp. Ltd (MMRCL), a joint venture between the state government and the Union government."[36]
Network[edit]
Main article: List of Mumbai metro stations
| Line | Termini | Opening Date | System Length | Grade | Gauge | Power | Notes | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| UG | Elevated | At grade | UG | Elevated | At grade | ||||||||
| Line 1 | Versova | Ghatkopar | 8 June 2014 | 0 km | 11.4 km | 0 km | 0 | 12 | 0 | Standard | 25 kV AC OHE | Completely elevated | |
| Line 2 | Dahisar | Mankhurd | Planning | 40.2 km | 0 km | 0 km | 36[37] | 0 | 0 | Standard | 25 kV AC OHE | Completely underground (Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd section merged with Charkop-Dahisar spur) | |
| Line 3 | Colaba | SEEPZ | Tendering (2014–15) | 33 km | 0 km | 0 km | 26 | 0 | 1 | Standard | 25 kV AC OHE | Completely underground (except Aarey Depot, which is at grade); 3 stations (CSIA T1, Sahar Road, CSIA T2) are to be constructed by MIAL | |
| Line 4 | Wadala | Kasarvadavali | Planning[28] | 32 km | 0 km | 0 km | 24[37] | 6 | 0 | Standard | 25 kV AC OHE | Completely underground within Mumbai City limits, Elevated within ThaneCity limits | |
Line 1[edit]
Main article: Line 1 (Mumbai Metro)
Line 1 connects Versova, Andheri in the Western Suburbs to Ghatkopar in the Eastern Suburbs, covering a distance of 11.4 kilometres (7.1 mi).[1] It is fully elevated, and consists of 12 stations.[1] Work on the Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar corridor, a part of Phase I, began on 8 February 2008. A crucial bridge on the project was completed at the end of 2012.[38] The line opened for service on 8 June 2014.[39] Line 1 of Mumbai Metro has 12 stations in the V-A-G corridor, Versova, D.N.Nagar, Azad Nagar, Andheri, W. E. H., Chakala, Airport Road, Marol Naka, Saki Naka, Asalpha, Jagruti Nagar and Ghatkopar.
Line 2[edit]
The second corridor that was planned to be built in the first phase was the 32 km Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd route, which was planned to have 27 stations. Like Line 1, Line 2 was proposed to be constructed on a public private partnership (PPP) model.[40] Then President Pratibha Patil launched the project in August 2009. The MMRDA appointed a consortium of Reliance Infrastructure(RInfra), SNC Lavolin Inc Canada, and Reliance Communication,[41] on 3 August 2009 to carry out this phase of the project, and the concession agreement was signed on 21 January 2010.[42][43] The MMRDA estimated the project would cost ₹8250 crore (US$1.3 billion), while Reliance Infrastructure estimated it would cost ₹11,000 crore.[44] Construction was planned to begin in August 2010 and be completed by mid-2013.[45] However, construction work had yet to begin by December 2012, leading to calls for Line 2 to be cancelled outright.[43]
The line's construction was handicapped by the lack of available land for carsheds at Charkop and Mankhurd; coastal regulation zone (CRZ) laws forbade construction on the land that had been selected by the MMRDA. The Union Ministry of Environment and Forests (MoEF) refused to give clearance for the depots.[46] MMRDA officials plan to solve the problem by shifting the location of the proposed rake depot to Malwani near Malad.[47]
On 6 September 2012, the MMRDA sent a letter to Reliance Infrastructure asking them to start work on the metro immediately or face legal action.[48][49]In response to the letter, RInfra blamed the government and MMRDA for the delayed construction work. They said that the government had failed to fulfill its contractual obligation to provide the necessary land, right of way permits and clearances.[50][51][52][53] On 8 February 2013, then RInfra CEO Sumit Banerjee claimed that the project had not advanced because the MMRDA had failed to fulfill its obligations.[54][55] On 9 August 2013, DNA reported that an MMRDA official had informed them that a 27-acre plot that was to be used as the casting yard for Line 2, was planned to be marked for use as a casting yard for Line 3. The paper called the move "a clear indication" that Line 2 "will not take off in the near future."[56] Chief Minister Prithviraj Chavan told the media on 30 August 2013 that "it is now clear that Mumbai's Metro II project will now not happen."[57] On 13 November 2014, Reliance Infrastructure announced that it had terminated the agreement between the MMTPL and the Maharashtra government. RInfra stated, "Due to non-fulfilment of various critical obligations by Maharashtra government and Mumbai Metropolitan Region Development Authority (MMRDA), the project could not take off. Even after four years, despite the best efforts of the Maharashtra government, various project impediments could not be resolved." The MMRDA issued a statement confirming that the agreement was terminated with mutual consent. No party will bare any cost as a result of the termination and the state government will return a bank guarantee of ₹160 crore. The MMRDA also clarified that the Line 2 project had not been cancelled and will be constructed by the Mumbai Metro Railway Corp. Ltd (MMRCL).[36][42]
RITES submitted its final report to the MMRDA in the last week of May 2014, concluding that constructing the metro elevated-underground and extending it up to Dahisar was feasible.[58][59][60] The merged Dahisar-Bandra-Mankhurd line would be 40.2 km long and have 37 underground stations. The estimated cost of construction of this line is ₹28,900 crore, 134% higher than the originally estimated costs of ₹7,660 crore for the Charkop-Bandra-Mankhurd line and ₹4,680 crore for the Charkop-Dahisar corridor.
Line 3[edit]
Main article: Line 3 (Mumbai Metro)
The second line to be constructed will be the 33.50 kilometre long Line 3. It will be the first underground metro line in Mumbai, and will consist of 27 stations.[61] The metro line will connect Cuffe Parade business district to SEEPZ.[62] The cost of this corridor is estimated at ₹23136 crore (US$3.7 billion).[63][64] The original deadline for the project was 2016, but it is currently expected to be completed in 2020.[65]
Line 4
Metro 4 will be built across a 32-km corridor from Wadala to Kasarvadavali, It will also be underground with a partially elevated stretch.[66]
Infrastructure[edit]
Rolling stock[edit]
RIIL consulted a number of major international rolling stock builders to provide the train fleet for the Mumbai Metro. Bidders for the contract included established metro-vehicle manufacturers such as Kawasaki,Alstom, Siemens and Bombardier, but CSR Nanjing of China was ultimately chosen to supply rolling stock for Rs 6 billion.[67][68] In May 2008, CSR Nanjing completed the first 16 trains, each comprising four cars.[69] The first ten trains were reported to be ready for operation in January 2013.[70]
The coaches are fire retardant,[71] air-conditioned and designed to reduce noise and vibration, and will feature both high seating capacityand ample space for standing passengers. They will be outfitted with a number of features for safety and convenience, including LCD screens, 3D route maps, first-aid kits, wheelchair facilities, fire-fighting equipment and intercom systems permitting communication with the train driver. Each coach will furthermore feature a black box to assist in accident investigations.[72] The trains will be capable of carrying over 1,100 passengers in a four-car unit, with each carriage being approximately 2.9 metres (9.5 ft) wide.[73]
Power[edit]
Unlike 97% of metro corridors worldwide which run on direct current (DC), the Mumbai Metro runs on alternating current (AC) which is more labour and cost intensive. MMRDA joint project director Dilip Kawathkar stated that AC power was chosen "after a proper study by a team of experts" which found that the AC model was "a better option". Bidders for Line 3 were reportedly in favour of the DC model. Experts believe that the decision to use AC will escalate the project cost of underground lines by 15%, since more digging is required for the rail to work on AC.[74]
Signaling and communications[edit]
The Mumbai Metro will feature an advanced signaling system, including an automatic train protection system (ATPS) and automated signaling to control train movements on the 11-kilometre (6.8 mi) Line 1. A four-minute service interval is anticipated on the route.[3]
Siemens will supply the signaling systems required for the project, whileThales Group will supply the Metro's communication systems. The network's signaling and train control systems will be based on LZB 700M technology.[75]
Operations[edit]
Capacity and frequency[edit]
A study in 2012 by Metro One and consultant MVA Systra estimated the daily ridership at 1.5 million.[76] The average ridership is 2.77 lakh. Travel time from Versova to Ghatkopar is expected to be approximately 21 minutes.[72]
See also[edit]
- Public transport in Mumbai
- Rapid transit in India
- Rail transport in India
- List of rapid transit systems
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External links[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mumbai Metro. |
- Mumbai Metro Rail Project - MMRDA site
- Mumbai Metro blog site
- Mumbai Metro map with proposed lines
- Mumbai Metro Google Mashup
- Mumbai Metro unofficial magazine
Mumbai Metro - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumbai_MetroMumbai Metro Rail Corporation Limited (Line 3). Train length ... It will be built in three phases over a 15-year period, with overall completion expected in 2021.Line 1 (Mumbai Metro) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Line_1_(Mumbai_Metro)Line 1 of the Mumbai Metro, also referred to as Metro I or the ... Meanwhile, the Delhi Metro Rail Corporation (DMRC) prepared the master plan for Mumbai Metro, ... The deadline for completion of Line 1 has been shifted several times. .... The authority also announced that children under the age of 12 years and/or up to 4 ...Mumbai Metro - Times of India
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/topic/Mumbai-metroIndia's largest one-stop shop to come up in Diamond City TOI ... Infographic: Mumbaito see a record year of international overnight visitors TOI ... The Lucknow Metro RailCorporation (LMRC) is undertaking environment campaign at ..... 'Call me Caitlyn': Bruce Jenner's transition is complete · Future Group bans Maggi at its ...20 things you must know about Mumbai Metro - Times of India
timesofindia.indiatimes.com › CityJun 8, 2014 - Mumbai's first metro railway link, which will connect the ... the past eight years, and this trend is set to continue with the metro railway link's imminent launch. ... Hope they would start other phases sooner and complete them on ...Mumbai Metro Rail inaugurated: Routes 2 and 3 still a pipe ...
www.firstpost.com › India NewsJun 8, 2014 - The Versova-Andheri-Ghatkopar Metro is India's first Metro railway ... Once it does take off, the MMRDA expects construction to take up to six years. ...Metro project was at one point of time scheduled to be completed by 2021.Mumbai metro rail: State considers elevated Metro route ...
indianexpress.com › cities › mumbaiMay 21, 2015 - Mumbai metro rail: State considers elevated Metro route ... The two Metro lines have undergone several changes in design over the years, leading to delays. ... On Wednesday, Chief Minister Devendra Fadnavis chaired a first 'war ... said there was a view that the two Metro lines could be completed faster ...Mumbai Metro may open to public after mid-May | Latest ...
www.dnaindia.com › News › India › MumbaiMay 1, 2014 - According to Mishra, the Commissioner of Metro Rail Safety (CMRS), has completed the ... Therefore, it is likely that Mumbai's first metro line will be opened any ... In all, there are 16 metro trains with the MMOPL — 14 of them will .... 'Scandal' showrunner Shonda Rhimes to publish first memoir 'Year of Yes' ... Mumbai Metro One : Mumbai metro
www.mumbai-metro.com/mumbai-metro-oneWork has already begun on this line, which should be completed by 2012, with ... The main objective of the Mumbai Metro is to provide rail-based mass transit ...Mumbai Metro, Maharashtra - Railway Technology
www.railway-technology.com/projects/mumbai-metro/Mumbai Metro rail system project details and planned timeline ... I construction wascompleted, with that section expected to be operational by the end of 2012. ... This will see the consortium manage the first three metro lines for 35 years ...Mumbai Metro Rail completes first trail run on May 1, 2013 ...
www.youtube.com/watch?v=lEwMJeqses0May 1, 2013 - Uploaded by Jagdish KumarAfter three years of delay, there has been some sign of the Maharashtra state's first metro train in Mumbai ...
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