Thursday, 11 June 2015

11th JUNE 2010 KASHMIR UNREST

2010 Kashmir unrest

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The three regions: Jammu(Blue outside brown boundary), the Kashmir valley(Blue inside brown boundary) and Ladakh(Pink). The Muslim dominated Kashmir Valley was the area which saw most of the strikes, protests and stone pelting riots.
The 2010 Kashmir unrest was a series of violent protests and riots in the Kashmir Valley which started in June 2010 after the Indian Army claimed to have killed three "Pakistani infiltrators" but it was later revealed to be a case of a fake encounter in which a soldier of the Territorial Army, a counter-insurgent and a former special police officer had lured three young men from their Nadihal village in Baramulla district and killed them in a staged encounter at Sona Pindi.[1][2] The protests occurred in a movement launched by Hurriyat Conference led by Syed Ali Shah Geelani and Mirwaiz Umar Farooq in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir in June 2010, who called for the complete demilitarization of Jammu and Kashmir. The All Parties Hurriyat Conference made this call to a strike, citing human rights abuses by security forces.[3] Rioters shouting pro-independence slogans, defied curfew, attacked riot police with stones and burnt vehicles and buildings.[4][5] The protests started out as anti India protests but later were also targeted against the United States following the 2010 Qur'an-burning controversy.[6] The riot police consisting of Jammu and Kashmir Police and Indian Para-military forces fired teargas shells rubber bullets and also live ammunition on the protesters, resulting in 112 deaths, including many teenagers and an 11-year-old boy.[7] The protests subsided after the Indian government announced a package of measures aimed at defusing the tensions in September 2010.[8][9]

Background[edit]

Main article: Kashmir conflict
On April 30, 2010, the Indian Army claimed to have foiled an infiltration bid from across the Line of Control, at Machil Sector in Kupwara district of Jammu and Kashmir by killing three armed militants from Pakistan.[1] However, it was subsequently established that theencounter had been staged and that the three alleged militants were in fact civilians of Rafiabad area, who had been lured to the army camp by promising them jobs as “porters” for the Army, and then shot in cold blood, in order to claim a cash award.[10]
On June 11, there were protests against these killings in the downtown area of Srinagar. Police used massive force to disperse the protesting youth during which a teargas bullet killed a seventeen-year-old Tufail Ahmad Mattoo who was playing cricket in Gani memorial Stadium.[11] Several protest marches were organized across the Valley in response to the killings which turned violent.[12][unreliable source?] Thereafter a vicious circle was set, killing of a boy was followed by protest demonstrations and clashes with police and CRPF in which another boy was killed which led to another protest by the boys till several youth lost their lives.[13] Official figures reveal around 110 people have lost their lives and 537 civilians were injured during stone-pelting incidents from May to September 21, 2010. Around 1,274 CRPF men and 2,747 police personnel were injured during the same period across the valley.[14]
Indian intelligence agencies claimed that these protests and demonstrations were part of covert operations of Pakistani intelligence agencies and were sponsored and supported from them. Media reports earlier in march had suggested that with the support of its intelligence agencies Pakistan has been once again 'boosting' Kashmir militants and recruitment of 'martyrs' in Pakistani state of Punjab.[15] It was reported that in a meeting held in Muzaffarabad in mid January 2010 which was chaired by former Inter-Services Intelligence chief Hamid Gul, United Jihad Council called for reinvigorated jihad until Kashmir was free of "Indian occupation".[15] In May 2010 increased activities of militants was reported from across the border in Neelum valley in Pakistani-administered Gilgit-Baltistan. The locals reported that large numbers of militants had set up camps in the area with plans of crossing into the Kashmir valley, and they did not appear to be Kashmiri.[16]

Demands of protesters[edit]

The erstwhile undivided state of Jammu and Kashmir is the largest militarized territorial dispute.[17] Around 700,000 –1,000,000[unreliable source?]Indian troops and paramilitaries station permanently in the state with a population of 14 million.[18] Protesters demanded that the number of troops in the state of Jammu and Kashmir be reduced. In addition protesters shouted pro-independence slogans demanding Indian forces 'Quit Kashmir'.[5]

Violent Protest and Riots[edit]

“(We) have decided to register a criminal case against Omar Abdullah(CM) and Ashiq Bukhari(SP) for the innocent killings of 2010 and will try to bring the murderers of the innocent students to justice.”
Hurriyat(G)[19]
On June 11, Tufail Ahmad Mattoo a 17 year old student died after being hit in the head by a tear gas shell. He was called a martyr immediately and buried in the Martyrs graveyard against his family's wishes. His death proved to be a catalyst and subsequently stone throwing mobs confronted the police almost daily. A vicious circle was set, killing of a person was followed by demonstrations and clashes with police and Central Reserve Police Force in which another person was killed which led to another protest till more lost their lives and hundreds of security personnel were injured in riots.[20][21]

Stone pelting[edit]

The mob pelted stones and bricks at the riot police and in response the security forces used tear gas, rubber bullets and in some cases live ammunition resulting in death of some of the unarmed protestors.[22] The protesters were accused by the government of using stone pelting as a violent mean of creating chaos. The violent stone pelting by the mob resulted in several security personnel being injured.[5]
To prevent the riots Indian authorities imposed curfew in Srinagar and other towns in the valley. In August, the government responded by imposing curfews in the disturbed areas and by deploying Rapid Action Force (RAF) in the Srinagar valley to control demonstrations.[23] Protesters, however, defied curfew and also pelted stones on the police and paramilitary personnel.

September protests[edit]

Protests in Kashmir escalated over several days, as demonstrations against public burning of the Koran as a protest in the United States commemorating the September 11 attacks quickly turned into separatist protests against the Indian government in the Muslim-majority province. On September 13, Muslim protesters defied a curfew, setting fire to a Christian missionary school and government buildings. At least 13 people were shot dead by police, and one policeman was killed by a thrown rock; at least 113 policemen and 45 protesters were wounded.[24][25] On September 12, a church was burned and a curfew instituted in Punjab.[26] Violence spread into Poonch in the Jammu division, with three protesters shot by police. Protesters burned government buildings and vehicles including the SDM's office, where a gas cylinder exploded inflicting injuries on six persons; the SDPO office; the Forest Department office; the BDO office and two police and five civilian vehicles.[27] Police prevented the burning of a Christian school in Poonch, and another in Mendhar the next day, in clashes leaving four protesters killed, 19 wounded, but dozens of government offices, a police station, and eight vehicles were burned.[28] As of September 18, the estimated death toll was approximately 100. The Hindustan Times blamed much of the resentment on the indefinite military curfew, the first in ten years to affect the entire Kashmir Valley, calling the curfew "collective punishment" and writing that after four days, "People are running out of milk, vegetables and baby food. "[29][30] On September 18, after six days, the curfew was relaxed in parts of Srinagar and some other areas for four hours to allow people to buy essentials.[31][32][33]
On the night of September 17, a policeman's house was set on fire in Pinjoora village. On September 18, a large procession in Anantnag defied curfew, carrying the body of Maroof Ahmad Nath, who drowned while fleeing police. After "agitating mobs attempted to torch government property", security forces opened fire, killing Noorul Amin Dagga and injuring five. Fayaz Ahmad Naiku of Boatman Colony (Bemina), Srinigar died from injuries received the preceding day.[31] A group stoning and attempting to burn the home ofSamajwadi Party leader Fayaz Ahmad Bhat were dispersed by gunfire.[34] A group of men emerging from a mosque were fired on with one killed and four injured in Pattan area. A police spokesman disputed claims that the attack was unprovoked, because a mob tried to block the Srinagar-Baramulla National Highway and started heavy stone pelting on police.[34]

Criticism of security forces[edit]

Amnesty International called on Indian security forces not to use gunfire against rioters.[35] Prime minister of India Manmohan Singh expressing concern over the deaths asked for revisiting operating procedures and "non-lethal, yet effective and more focussed" crowd control measures to deal with the violent protesters.[36]

Criticism of the protests[edit]

In response to the unrest in Kashmir, Kashmiri Pandits met with Indian finance minister Pranab Mukherjee and asked that there be no dilution of the Armed Forces (Special Powers) Act, 1958 (AFSPA). Their leader Ramesh Manvati, belonging to Panun Kashmir, stated: "The security forces must be provided the constitutional protection as they are playing crucial role in preservation of the country's sovereignty."[37] the Kashmiri Pandits also staged a dharna in Jammu stating that no solution of the problem was possible without including them in the dialogue.[38]
Indian Home minister P. Chidambaram hinted at Pakistan's involvement in the unrest saying that "It is possible that they believe that relying upon civilian unrest will pay them better dividends. But I am confident if we are able to win the hearts and minds of the people those designs can be foiled."[39]
Condemning the violent protests Farooq Abdullah president of the largest political party in Kashmir Jammu & Kashmir National Conference stated that Kashmir has been and will always remain a part of India. He however demanded withdrawal of AFSPA.[40] Chief minister of Jammu & Kashmir Omar Abdullah has also called for withdrawal of AFSPA. However the leaders of Bharatiya Janata Party opposed the withdrawal of AFSPA and the party spokesman said that BJP saw the hand of Inter-Services Intelligence behind the protests.[41]
Yasin Malik, leader of Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front, accused Pakistani militants of subverting the indigenous movement.[42]
J&K police claimed that there exist a nexus that raises money to make weekly payments for stone pelting and many arrests have taken place on this.[43]
Jammu and Kashmir police in Feb 2011 claimed that 72% of 1000 youth arrested in Srinagar district for stone-pelting belong to the broken families. And majority of them are hooked to drugs, which is one of the biggest factors that drives them to fall into the trap of stone-pelting.[14]

Response of Central Government[edit]

On September 15, Prime Minister Manmohan Singh proposed an all-party meeting in Jammu and Kashmir, saying that dialogue was the only way to find lasting peace, and "We are ready for dialogue with anybody or any group that does not espouse or practice violence". Written invitations included Kashmiri separatists Mirwaiz Umar Farooq and Yasin Malik, who had been excluded from a previous all-party meeting in 2008 during the Amarnath land transfer controversy. Members of the 39-member delegation include Home Minister P Chidambaram and Parliamentary Affairs Minister Pawan Kumar Bansal, Sushma Swaraj and Arun Jaitley (BJP), Basudeb Acharia (CPM), Gurudas Dasgupta (CPI), Mulayam Singh Yadav (Samajwadi Party) and Ram Vilas Paswan (Lok Janshakti Party).[44] The delegation subsequently visited Kashmir.[45] Following this visit Indian government announced several measures to defuse the tensions. The measures included release of all the students arrested during the protests, reopening of schools, discussions on reducing the number of security forces in Kashmir and appointment of a group to begin sustained dialogue with the Kashmiris.[46] In addition financial compensation of $11,000 to the families of each of those killed was announced.[47] Most of the families rejected the compensation but a few accepted it, in spite of calls by the Hurriyat Conference and social pressure on families to reject the money from Government of India.[9]

Conviction for killing[edit]

The army convicted seven soldiers, including two officers, and sentenced them to life imprisonment for a staged killing of three Kashmiri civilians and passing it off as an anti-militancy operation for rewards and remunerations in J&K in 2010.[48] The court martial proceedings began in January this year and ended in September. In April, 2010, army had said it had killed three infiltrators in the Machil sector and claimed they were Pakistani militants. The men were later identified as Shahzad Ahmad Khan, Riyaz Ahmad Lone and Muhammad Shafi Lone, all residents of Baramulla district. They were lured to work as porters for the Army in Kupwara district. Instead, the Army killed them in a fake encounter, applied black paint on the clean-shaven faces of the slain, placed weapons on them and said they had killed foreign militants.[49][50][51]

FIR against Chief Minister and Police[edit]

In March 2015, All Parties Hurriyat Conference leader Syed Ali Shah Geelani entirely blamed then Chief Minister of Jammu and Kashmir Omar Abdullah and former Senior Superintendent of Police (SSP) Ashiq Bukhari for killings of 2010 unrest and filed a FIR in the court of Chief Judicial Magistrate (CJM), Srinagar.[52][53]
“(We) have decided to register a criminal case against Omer Abdullah and Ashiq Bukhari for the innocent killings of 2010 and will try to bring the murderers of the innocent students to justice.” a Hurriyat statement said.[54]

Kashmir and Jammu (princely state)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Jammu and Kashmir
Princely State of British India
← 1846–1952 →

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Flag of Kashmir
Flag of Jammu and Kashmir from 1936
Location of Kashmir
Map of Kashmir
Historical eraNew Imperialism
 - Established1846
 - Disestablished1952
Today part ofChina, India and Pakistan
Kashmir and Jammu was, from 1846 until 1952, a princely state in the British Empire in India, and was ruled by Jamwal Dogra Dynasty.[1] The state was created in 1846 when, after its victory in the First Anglo-Sikh War, the East India Company annexed the Kashmir valley and on the counsel of Henry Lawrence to Lord Hardinge, in order to make good on the financial loss incurred during the Anglo-Sikh war, Kashmir was sold by the British to Gulab Singh for 7,500,000 rupees of all the lands in Kashmir that were ceded to them by the Sikhs under the Treaty of Lahore.[2]
According to the treaty, the state was "situated to the westward of the river Indus and eastward of the river Ravi", and covered an area of 80,900 square miles (210,000 km2).[3] Later, the regions of Hunza, Nagar, andGilgit were added to the state.
At the time of the partition of India, Maharaja Hari Singh, the ruler of the state, preferred to remain independent and did not want to join either the Union of India or the Dominion of Pakistan. He wanted both India and Pakistan to recognise his princely state as an independent neutral country like Switzerland.[4]

Creation[edit]

Flag of J&K (1846–1936)
Flag of Maharaja of J&K (1846–1936)
Prior to the creation of the princely state, Kashmir was ruled by the Pashtun Durrani Empire, until it was annexed by Sikhs led by Ranjit Singh.[5] During Sikh rule, Jammu was a tributary of the Sikh Empire.
After the death of the Raja of Jammu, Kishore Singh, in 1822, his son Gulab Singh was recognised by the Sikhs as his heir. He then, initially under the Sikhs, began expanding his kingdom.[6]
As Raja of Jammu, Gulab Singh conquered Bhadarwah after a slight resistance. He then annexed Kishtwar after the minister, Wazir Lakhpat, quarrelled with the ruler and sought the assistance of Gulab Singh. The Raja of Kishtwar surrendered without fighting when Gulab Singh's forces arrived. The conquest of Kishtwar meant that Singh had gained control of two of the roads which led into Ladakh, which then led to the conquest of that territory. Although there were huge difficulties due to the mountains and glaciers, the Dogras under Gulab Singh's officer, Zorawar Singh, conquered the whole of Ladakh in two campaigns.[7]
A few years later, in 1840, General Zorawar Singh invaded Baltistan, captured the Raja of Skardu, who had sided with the Ladakhis, and annexed his country. The following year (1841) Zorawar Singh, while invadingTibet, was overtaken by winter and, as a result of being attacked when his troops were disabled by cold, perished with nearly his entire army. Whether it was policy or whether it was accident, by 1840 Gulab Singh had encircled Kashmir.[7]
In the winter of 1845, war broke out between the British and the Sikhs. Gulab Singh remained neutral until the battle of Sobraon in 1846, when he appeared as a useful mediator and the trusted adviser of Sir Henry Lawrence. Two treaties were concluded. By the first, the State of Lahore was handed over to the British, as equivalent to an indemnity of ten million rupee Nanakshahee, the hill countries between the rivers Beas and the Indus; by the second, the British made over to Gulab Singh for 7.5 million rupees all the hilly or mountainous country situated to the east of the Indus and west of the Ravi.[7]
Rani Jindan's lover and chief minister of the Sikh empire, Lal Singh, who later became the prime minister of the Sikh empire, asked the governor of Kashmir, Imam-Uddin, to resist the force of Dogras, which was going there to replace Sikhs as the newly founded state. Gulab Singh and British forces ousted the governor and appointed Gulab Singh as the new Maharaja of Kashmir and Jammu. For this treachery, Lal Singh faced the wrath of the British Empire. Imam-uddin showed the British and Gulab Singh the documents which had been sent to him by the Sikh Empire, which caused him to attack the Dogra Forces, which were on their way to replace Sikh forces in the Kashmir valley. Lal Singh was removed from the post and also banished from entering the Punjab Region.[8]

Administration[edit]

Maharaja[edit]

S.noNameReign
1.Gulab Singh1846–1857
2.Ranbir Singh1857–1885
3.Pratap Singh1885–1925
4.Hari Singh1925–1948
5.Karan Singh (Prince Regent)1948-1952

Prime ministers[edit]

#NameTook OfficeLeft Office
1Raja Hari Singh19251927
2Sir Albion BanerjeeJanuary, 1927March, 1929
3G.E.C. Wakefield19291931
41933
5Elliot James Dowell Colvin19331936
6Sir Barjor J. Dalal19361936
7Sir N. Gopalaswami Ayyangar1936July, 1943
8Kailas Narain HaksarJuly, 1943February, 1944
9Sir Benegal Narsing RauFebruary, 194428 June 1945
10Ram Chandra Kak28 June 194511 August 1947
11Janak Singh11 August 194715 October 1947

Expansion[edit]

Not long afterwards the Hunza Raja, attacked Gilgit territory. Nathu Shah on behalf of Gulab Singh responded by leading a force to attack the Hunza valley; he and his force were destroyed, and Gilgit fort fell into the hands of the Hunza Raja, along with Punial, Yasin, and Darel. The Maharaja then sent two columns, one from Astor and one from Baltistan, and after some fighting Gilgit fort was recovered. In 1852 the Dogra troops were annihilated by Gaur Rahman of Yasin, and for eight years the Indus formed the boundary of the Maharaja's territories.[9]
Gulab Singh died in 1857; and when his successor, Ranbir Singh, had recovered from the strain caused by the Indian Rebellion, in which he had loyally sided with the British, he was determined to recover Gilgit and to expand to the frontier. In 1860 a force under Devi Singh crossed the Indus, and advanced on Gaur Rahman's strong fort at Gilgit. Gaur Rahman had died just before the arrival of the Dogras. The fort was taken and held by the Maharajas of Kashmir and Jammu until 1947.[9] Capturing Gligit was not the last frontier, determine to expand their land they capture the fort of Yasin and Punial however the lack of funds and to make more stronger barrier against Invaders they fell back to Gilgit and hold it until the Independence of Indian Subcontinent from British Rule.[10]
Gulab Singh's grandson Pratap Singh defeated Ruler of Chitral in 1891 and forced Hunza and Nagar to accept the suzerainty of the Kashmir and Jammu state.[11]
Ranbir Singh although tolerant of other creeds lacked his father's strong will and determination, and his control over the State officials was weak. The latter part of his life was darkened by the dreadful famine in Kashmir, 1877-9; and in September 1885, he was succeeded: by his eldest son, Maharaja Pratap Singh, G.C.S.I.[9]

Geography[edit]

1909 map showing Kashmir.
The area of the state extended from 32° 17' to 36° 58' N. and from 73° 26' to 80° 30' E.[3] Jammu was the southernmost part of the state and was adjacent to the Punjab districts of Jhelum, Gujrat, Sialkot, and Gurdaspur. There is just a fringe of level land along the Punjab frontier, bordered by a plinth of low hilly country sparsely wooded, broken, and irregular. This is known as the Kandi, the home of the Chibs and the Dogras. To travel north, a range of mountains 8,000 feet (2,400 m) high must be climbed. This is a temperate country with forests of oak, rhododendron, chestnut, and higher up, of deodar and pine, a country of uplands, such as Bbadarwah and Kishtwar, drained by the deep gorge of the Chenab river. The steps of the Himalayan range, known as the Pir Panjal, lead to the second storey, on which rests the valley of Kashmir, drained by the Jhelum river.[3]
Up steeper flights of the Himalayas led to Astore and Baltistan on the north and to Ladakh on the east, a tract drained by the river Indus. In the back premises, faraway to the north-west, lies Gilgit, west and north of the Indus, the whole area shadowed by a wall of giant mountains which run east from the Kilik or Mintaka passes of the Hindu Kush, leading to the Pamirs and the Chinese dominions past Rakaposhi (25,561 ft), along the Muztagh range pastK2 (Godwin Austen, 28,265 feet), Gasherbrum and Masherbrum (28,100 and 28,561 feet (8,705 m) respectively) to the Karakoram range which merges in the Kunlun Mountains. Westward of the northern angle above Hunza-Nagar the maze of mountains and glaciers trends a little south of east along the Hindu Kush range bordering Chitral, and so on into the limits of Kafiristan and Afghan territory.[3]

Transport[edit]

There used to be a route from Kohala to Leh, it was possible to travel from Rawalpindi via Kohala and over the Kohala Bridge into Kashmir. The route from Kohala to Srinagar was a cart-road 132 miles (212 km) in length, from Kohala to Baramulla the road was close to the River Jhelum. At Muzaffarabad the Kishenganga River joins the Jhelum and at this point the road from Abbottabad and Garhi Habibullah meet the Kashmir route. The road carried heavy traffic and required expensive maintenance by the authorities to repair.[12]

Flooding[edit]

In 1893, after 52 hours of continuous rain, very serious flooding took place in the Jhelum and much damage was done to Srinagar. The floods of 1903 were much more severe and it caused a great disaster.[13]

End of the princely state[edit]

In 1947 the Indian Independence Act was passed dividing British India into two independent states, the Dominions of Pakistan and India. According to the Act, "the suzerainty of His Majesty over the Indian States lapses, and with it, all treaties and agreements in force at the date of the passing of this Act between His Majesty and the rulers of Indian States",[14] so each of the princely states would be free to join India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Most of the princes acceded to one or the other of the two nations.
Jammu and Kashmir had a Muslim majority but was ruled by a Hindu Raja. On 2 October 1947, the Working Committee of the National Conference met under Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah's presidency and took the decision to support the accession of the State to India. The decision of the Working Committee was conveyed to Nehru by another Kashmiri, Dwarka Nath Kachroo, the Secretary General of the All India States Peoples' Conference, who was invited to attend the Working Committee meeting of the National Conference as an observer.[citation needed]
Maharaja Hari Singh wanted his state to remain independent, joining neither Pakistan nor India. For this reason, he offered a standstill agreement (to maintain the status quo) to both India and Pakistan. India refused the offer but Pakistan accepted it. The Maharaja was advised by Mehr Chand Mahajan, who later became his Prime Minister, that a landlocked country such as Kashmir would be soon engulfed by foreign powers such as the USSR or China.[15]
The Gilgit Scouts staged a rebellion in the Northern Areas under British command; as a result, this region became effectively a part of Pakistan (and has since been administered by Pakistan). Subsequently tribal Kabailis (Mehsuds and Afridis) from the Northwest Frontier Province invaded Kashmir proper. The Pakistan Army's British chiefs, Sir Frank Messervy and Douglas Gracey, refused to involve the armed forces.
With independence no longer an option, the Maharaja turned to India, requesting troops for safeguarding Kashmir. Although the Indian Prime Minister Nehru was ready to send troops, the Governor-General of India, Lord Mountbatten of Burma, advised the Maharaja to accede to India before India would send its troops. Hence, considering the emergent situation, the Maharaja signed an Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India.
As the invading tribal Kabailis spread into the princely state, the Maharaja signed the Instrument of Accession to the Dominion of India on 26 October 1947. Sheikh Mohammad Abdullah had already reached Delhi on 25 October to persuade Nehru to lose no time in accepting the accession and dispatching Indian troops to the State. (Sheikh Abdullah corroborates this account in his Aatish e Chinaar (at pages 416 and 417) and records that V.P. Menon returned to Delhi on 26 October with the signed Instrument of Accession.)
The Instrument was accepted by the Governor-General the next day, 27 October. With the signature of the Maharaja and the acceptance by the Governor-General, the princely state of Jammu and Kashmir became a part of the Dominion of India according to the provisions of the Indian Independence Act 1947. Indian troops landed at Srinagar airport in Kashmir on 27 October and secured the airport before proceeding to evict the invaders from the Kashmir valley.
The princely state of Kashmir and Jammu, thus came under Indian suzerainty on 27 October 1947, with a portion of it having passed to Pakistan's control. The Maharaja appointed Sheikh Abdullah as the Prime Minister and, in 1948, appointed his son Karan Singhas the Prince Regent to act on his behalf. Jammu and Kashmir operated as a princely state under Indian control till 1952 when the Constitution of India came into effect abolishing monarchies. Karan Singh then accepted th post of Sadar-i-Riyasat (constitutional Head of State).

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Three Militants Killed As Army Foils Infiltration Bid". Outlook. 2010-04-30. Retrieved 2010-08-11.
  2. Jump up^ "Fake encounter at LoC: 3 arrested, probe ordered". Indian Express. 29 May 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  3. Jump up^ Hurriyat (G) Launches 'Quit Kashmir' Stir With Hartal
  4. Jump up^ Yardley, Jim; Kumar, Hari (11 September 2010). "Buildings Are Set Ablaze During Protests in Kashmir". The New York Times.Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  5. ^ Jump up to:a b c Pohlgren, Lydia (4 August 2010). "Kashmiris Storm the Street, Defying Curfew". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 20 August 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2010.
  6. Jump up^ Ahmad, Mukhtar (14 September 2010). "18 dead amid Kashmir protests against India, U.S.". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  7. Jump up^ "Kashmir protests to intensify after 11-year-old killed". RFI. 31 August 2010. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  8. Jump up^ "India to free protesters in Kashmir peace move". Reuters. 30 September 2010. Archived from the original on 2 October 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  9. ^ Jump up to:a b Hussain, Ashiq (20 February 2011). "Valley victims accept compensation". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 20 February 2011.
  10. Jump up^ "Fake encounter at LoC: 3 arrested, probe ordered". The Indian Express. 2010-05-29. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  11. Jump up^ Serial Killings Of Teenaged Boys In Police Action Cause Anguish, Fear Psychosis Among Parents
  12. Jump up^ Citizens Appeal on Kashmir (9 July, 2010)
  13. Jump up^ Six killed in Kashmir violence
  14. ^ Jump up to:a b Stone-pelting in Kashmir was a 'joint' exercise - India - DNA. Dnaindia.com. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  15. ^ Jump up to:a b Why Pakistan is 'boosting Kashmir militants', BBC, 2010-03-03
  16. Jump up^ "Kashmir militants 'regrouping' in Pakistan". BBC. 2010-05-14. Archived from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 14 May 2010.
  17. Jump up^ Explore Official World Records. Guinness World Records. Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  18. Jump up^ "Kashmir's New Warriors". TIME. 21 August 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  19. Jump up^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hurriyat-files-case-against-omar-former-ssp/
  20. Jump up^ Polgreen, Lydia (11 July 2010). "A Youth’s Death in Kashmir Renews a Familiar Pattern of Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved23 September 2010.
  21. Jump up^ "Kashmir protests erupt into violence after government troops kill four". The Guardian (London). 13 August 2010. Retrieved 8 March2011.
  22. Jump up^ "Kashmir curfews fail to deter protests". The Guardian (London). 12 September 2010. Retrieved 9 March 2011.
  23. Jump up^ Rapid Action Force deployed in Jammu and Kashmir. Newstrackindia.com (2010-08-06). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  24. Jump up^ Reuters/AFP (2010-09-14). "Thirteen killed in Indian Kashmir as Koran desecration protests continue". The Daily Star. Archived from the original on 13 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  25. Jump up^ Kashmir clashes lead to deaths
  26. Jump up^ Kamal, Neel (2010-09-14). "After Quran rumour, Punjab church gutted". Times of India. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  27. Jump up^ Shujaat Bukhari (2010-09-16). "3 killed as violence spreads to Poonch". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 27 September 2010. Retrieved 16 September 2010.
  28. Jump up^ Shefali Prabhu (2010-09-16). "Kashmir: Muslims try to burn a Christian school (only in name)". Asianews.it. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  29. Jump up^ Toufiq Rashid (2010-09-16). "Kashmiris locked up, hurt, humiliated by curfew". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  30. Jump up^ Indo-Asian News Service (2010-09-16). "Fourth day of indefinite curfew in Kashmir, toll 90". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 18 September2010.
  31. ^ Jump up to:a b "Kashmir toll 97 in 100 days of unrest". Calcutta News. 2010-09-18. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  32. Jump up^ "Kashmir protests to intensify after 11-year-old killed". RFI English. 2010-09-18. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  33. Jump up^ "Death toll 100 in Kashmir demonstrations". UPI. 2010-09-18. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  34. ^ Jump up to:a b "Kashmir: 2 killed, 19 injured in fresh violence". Indianexpress.com. 2010-09-18. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  35. Jump up^ "Death toll 100 in Kashmir demonstrations". UPI. 2010-09-18. Archived from the original on 19 September 2010. Retrieved18 September 2010.
  36. Jump up^ Kumar, Vinay (26 August 2010). "Manmohan for non-lethal crowd control measures". Chennai, India: The Hindu. Archived from the original on 29 August 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  37. Jump up^ "Kashmiri Pandits meet Mukherjee, oppose dilution of AFSPA". Hindustan Times. 20 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  38. Jump up^ "Pandits observe APD arrival in Jammu as black day". CNN-IBN. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved21 September 2010.
  39. Jump up^ "Chidambaram hints at Pakistan role in Kashmir unrest". Hindustan Times. 8 August 2010. Retrieved 21 September 2010.
  40. Jump up^ "Kashmir has been and will be a part of India: Farooq Abdullah". The Economic Times. 18 September 2010. Retrieved 21 September2010.
  41. Jump up^ "BJP warns against move to dilute AFSPA". Chennai, India: The Hindu. 12 September 2010. Archived from the original on 15 September 2010. Retrieved 22 September 2010.
  42. Jump up^ Ali, Zulfiqar (28 September 2010). "Pakistani militants 'hijacking' Kashmir cause". BBC. Archived from the original on 29 September 2010. Retrieved 29 September 2010.
  43. Jump up^ A stone-pelter in Kashmir gets paid Rs 400 a week, TNN, Dec 27 2010, timesofindia.indiatimes.com
  44. Jump up^ "Kashmir crisis: Hurriyat invited to meet team of MPs". Hindustan Times. 2010-09-18. Archived from the original on 18 September 2010. Retrieved 18 September 2010.
  45. Jump up^ Yardley, Jim (21 September 2010). "Seeking Kashmir Peace, India Feels Anger of Residents". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  46. Jump up^ "India announces moves to ease crisis in Kashmir". BBC. 25 September 2010. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  47. Jump up^ Yardley, Jim; Kumar, Hari (25 September 2010). "India Calls for Easing of Security in Kashmir". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 September 2010. Retrieved 28 September 2010.
  48. Jump up^ "Machil fake encounter: Seven soldiers sentenced to life for killing three Kashmiri civilians". The Hindu (Srinagar). The Hindu. November 13, 2014. Retrieved November 13, 2014.
  49. Jump up^ "Machil fake encounter case: Armymen handed life sentence". Deccan Herald (Srinagar). Deccan Herald. November 13, 2014. RetrievedNovember 13, 2014.
  50. Jump up^ Macchil fake encounter: life term for 5 Army men
  51. Jump up^ 2010 Machil fake encounter case: Army convicts 7 personnel, including commanding officer
  52. Jump up^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hurriyat-files-case-against-omar-former-ssp/
  53. Jump up^ http://www.tribuneindia.com/news/jammu-kashmir/community/2010-unrest-hardline-hurriyat-moves-court-against-omar/54923.html
  54. Jump up^ http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/hurriyat-files-case-against-omar-former-ssp/

External links[edit]

  • Video:Kashmir unrest prompts new curfew, Reuters
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