Rana Sanga
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| Maharana Sangram Singh | |
|---|---|
| The ruler of Mewar | |
Depiction of Maharana Sangram Singh on horseback, 18th century.
| |
| Father | Rana Raimal |
| Born | 12 April 1484 Malwa, Rajasthan, India |
| Died | 17 March 1527 (aged 42) Kalpi, India |
| Religion | Hindu |
Maharana Sangram Singh (12 April 1484 - 17 March 1527) commonly known as Rana Sanga, was the Rajput ruler of Mewar, which was located within the geographic boundaries of present-day India's modern state ofRajasthan. He ruled between 1509 and 1527.
A scion of the Sisodia clan of Suryavanshi Rajputs, Rana Sanga succeeded his father, Rana Raimal, as king of Mewar in 1509. He fought against theMughals in the Battle of Khanwa, which ended with Mughal victory, and died shortly thereafter on March 17, 1527.
Contents
[hide]Succession to throne[edit]
Prithiraj was subsequently banished from the fortified capital city of Chittor; their younger brother Jaimall was elevated to the throne. Jaimall, however, was ultimately slain by the indignant father of the girl he had been courting. In turn, Prithiraj was poisoned by his brother-in-law, whom he had earlier punished for allegedly mistreating his sister.[citation needed]
The resulting crisis of succession left Rana Sanga to ascend their father's throne.[1]
Conquest of Malwa[edit]
After first ascending to the throne of his home kingdom, Mewar, then consolidating power there, Rana Sanga moved his army against the internally troubled neighbouring kingdom of Malwa.
Under the rule of Mehmod Khilji, Malwa was torn by dissension. Wary of his Rajput WazirMedini Rai's power, the politically weak Mehmod sought outside assistance from both SultanIbrahim Lodi of Delhi and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat; whereas Rai, on his part, requested Sanga to come to his aid.[2][page needed] Thus began the prolonged war between Mewar against the Muslim sultans of North India.[citation needed]
Joined by Rajput rebels from within Malwa, Sanga's troops from Mewar beat back invading armies from Delhi, ultimately defeating Malwa's army in a series of hotly contested battles.Khilji was himself taken prisoner, only to be freed after leaving his sons as hostages in Mewar's capital, Chittor. Through these events, Malwa fell under Rana’s military power.[3][page needed]
Victories over Ibrahim Lodi[edit]
After conquering Malwa, Rana turned his attention towards north eastern Rajasthan, which was then under the control Khilji's ally, Ibrahim Lodi of Delhi. Rana invaded this province after a rebellion in Delhi had diverted Sultan Lodi's attention. Under Rana, the Rajputs scored several victories, capturing some key strategic assets in the process, including the fort of Ranthambore. In retaliation, Lodi invaded Sanga's home province of Mewar after having put down the rebellion in Delhi.[4][page needed]
Sanga counterattacked, invading enemy territory. Rajputs fought ethnic Afghansunder Lodi at Khatoli (Gwalior) in 1517-18. Although Sanga lost his left arm and was crippled in one leg, he also won and captured land.[citation needed]
Lodi, reportedly stunned by this Rajput aggression (the extent of which was unprecedented in the preceding three centuries), once again moved against Sanga’s country in 1518-19, period but was humbled at Dholpur. Lodi fought Sanga repeatedly, only to be defeated each time, losing much of his land in present-day Rajasthan, while the boundaries of Sanga's military influence came to extend within striking distance of Agra.[5][page needed][6][page needed]
War Between Sanga and Babur[edit]
Main article: Battle of Khanwa
After his initial gains Rana Sanga became recognized within north India as a principal player in the power struggle to rule the northern territories of princely India. His objectives grew in scope – he planned to conquer the much sought after prize of the Muslim rulers of the time, Delhi, and bring the whole of India under his control.
He had crushed Gujarat and conquered Malwa and was now close to Agra. It was at this juncture that he heard that Baburhad defeated and slain Ibrahim Lodi and was now master of the Delhi Sultanate.[citation needed]
Rana Sanga believed that Babur had plans to leave India, indeed from all the information he was getting it seemed that Babur was getting ready to consolidate his newly gained northern holdings, Rana Sanga decided, in a miscalculation of Barbur's strength and determination, to wage a war against the Mughal invader.
As a first move, he coerced Afghan fugitive princes like Mehmud Lodi and Hasan Khan Mewati to join him. Then he ordered Babur to leave India. Initially he hoped to attain this by sending his vassal Sardar Silhadi of Raisen as his emissary.[7][page needed] Silhadi who went to Babur’s camp was won over by Babur. Babur accepted that to rule North India he may have to engage in battle with Rana Sanga and hence had no desire for retreat. Babur and Silhadi hatched a plot. Silhadi, who held a large contingent of 30,000 men would join Babur’s camp at critical moment of battle and thus defeat Rana Sanga. Silhadi who went back to Chittor, told Rana that war is a must.[8][page needed]
The Rajput forces of Rana Sanga, supplemented by the contingents of Hasan Khan Mewati and the Afghan, Mehmud Lodi and Raja Medini Rai of Alwar, met Babur’s army at Khanwa near Fatehpur Sikri in 1527. The battle, which lasted for not more than 10 hours, was bitterly contested and became an exceedingly brutal affair. At a critical moment of battle, the defection of Silhadi and his contingent caused a split in the Rajput forces. Rana Sanga while trying to rebuild his front was wounded and fell unconscious from his horse. The Rajput army thought their leader was dead and fled in disorder, thus allowing the Mughals to win the day.[9][page needed][10][page needed]
Rana Sanga was whisked away to safety by the Rathore contingent from Marwar and once he became conscious he learnt of the defeat. But Rana Sanga, unwilling to admit defeat, set out once more to rebuild his military and renew war with Babur. He vowed not to set foot in Chittor till Babur was defeated by him. In 1528, he once more set out to fight Babur at Chanderi to help Medini Rai who was attacked by Babur. But he fell sick at Kalpi and died in his camp. It is widely believed that he was poisoned by some of his nobles who quite rightly thought his renewal of war with Babur was suicidal.[citation needed]
It is suggested that had it not been for the cannon of Babur, Rana Sanga might have achieved victory. Pradeep Barua notes that Babur's cannon put an end to outdated trends in Indian warfare.[11]
Maharana Sangram Singh, Rana Sanga
Maharana Sangram Singh, popularly known as Rana Sanga, ruled Mewar from 1509 and 1527. He was born on April 12, 1484 and was a scion of the Sisodia clan of Suryavanshi Rajputs. He was born to Raimal, the ruler of Mewar and had two brothers Prithviraj and Jaimal. The young brothers were very close to each other and often went to a mountain cave near Mewar. One day an astrologer witch in the cave told the brothers that Rana Sanga would become the next king of Mewar and on hearing this, the other two brothers became jealous. Since then the brothers started to share a bitter relationship, causing much grief to their father.
Maharana Sangram Singh was banished after having a bad quarrel with his brothers and he spent this period working as a shepherd in a remote village in the Aravalli hills. Soon, he married the daughter of the village`s chief.
Meanwhile, both the brothers of Maharana Sangram Singh died fighting violently for the throne. After their deaths, Maharana Sangram Singh returned to his father`s court in order to support his parents in their mourning and to protect his patrimony. He succeeded his father as ruler of Mewar upon the death of Raimal in 1509.the reign of Maharana Sangram Singh was manifested by a series of repetitive battles. He entered into eighteen battles with Muslim forces, fighting the forces of the rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa on various occasions. During these battles, he sustained eighty-four wounds on his body. He lost one arm and got crippled in one leg. Despite all this, Maharana Sangram Singh was fair in victory and in 1519, after Sultan Mahmud of Mandu was overpowered and taken as a prisoner, Maharana Sangram Singh extended conventional gallantry and compassion to him. Sultan Mahmud was treated like a guest and the Maharana Sangram Singh restored his kingdom to him.
Maharana Sangram Singh was involved in several battles in his lifetime. Battle of Khanwa on March 17 was launched by Maharana Sangram Singh as a furious attack on the centre and right wing of the Mughal force; the clash lasted for several hours. Mughal artillery wreaked mayhem in the Rajputs closed boundaries. Their cannon fire caused the elephants in the Rajput army to flee thus causing stampede. It is said that the Rajputs went ahead and showed great heroism by stuffing themselves in the mouth of the cannons to stop the throw. However, the Rajputs failed to overrun the strongly protected central "fortress" of the Mughal army. Maharana Sangram Singh who was an expert in Spear Warfare flinged his spear on Babur, which missed Babur`s head by an inch, thus changing the fortune of India.
Maharana Sangram Singh sustained more wounds, at one time being stacked by an arrow; nevertheless, he fought on. For a while, the battle`s result was not decided, then it was understood that Maharana Sangram Singh`s ship was sinking. Soon, Silhadi decamped to Babur with his entire force. After ten hours, the association broke. It was all over for Mewar. The defection of a major portion of the army deadly weakened the Rajputs. Mughal troops finally rolled back the Rajputs flanks. The Rajput army fell apart rapidly and Maharana Sangram Singh chose to retreat from the battle, to live and fight another day. Babur had declared this war as Jihad against the disloyal.
The responsibility of Rana Kumbha passed onto Maharana Sangram Singh. Slowly, he brought Mewar to the peak of its prosperity and prominence, establishing it as the foremost Rajput state. After the power in Delhi collapsed, Maharana Sangram Singh was emerged as the most powerful Hindu King in North India with a direct or indirect control over the whole of Rajputana. His battles against the Lodhis and the Muslim rulers of Gujarat and Malwa are still known as legends. Maharana Sangram Singh united the Rajput states and put up a strong unified defence against the Mughal armies.
Maharana Sangram Singh is the apt name of a Kshatriya King who was the Suryavanshi King focussing on consolidating and developing his state. The loyalty of Maharana Sangram Singh to the Rajput code of chivalry and generosity is thought to be a rare trait in Indian rulers.
Maharana Sangram Singh thus brought Mewar to the heights of success and governed a large part of Rajputana. More importantly, he succeeded in uniting several Rajput states and motivating them to make a united bid for control of northern India. This is Maharana Sangram Singh `s continuing claim to fame, and the battle of Khanwa was the seminal event that became an eminent event in the history of north India.
Maharana Sangram Singh, popularly known as Rana Sanga, ruled Mewar from 1509 and 1527. He was born on April 12, 1484 and was a scion of the Sisodia clan of Suryavanshi Rajputs. He was born to Raimal, the ruler of Mewar and had two brothers Prithviraj and Jaimal. The young brothers were very close to each other and often went to a mountain cave near Mewar. One day an astrologer witch in the cave told the brothers that Rana Sanga would become the next king of Mewar and on hearing this, the other two brothers became jealous. Since then the brothers started to share a bitter relationship, causing much grief to their father.
Maharana Sangram Singh was banished after having a bad quarrel with his brothers and he spent this period working as a shepherd in a remote village in the Aravalli hills. Soon, he married the daughter of the village`s chief.
Meanwhile, both the brothers of Maharana Sangram Singh died fighting violently for the throne. After their deaths, Maharana Sangram Singh returned to his father`s court in order to support his parents in their mourning and to protect his patrimony. He succeeded his father as ruler of Mewar upon the death of Raimal in 1509.the reign of Maharana Sangram Singh was manifested by a series of repetitive battles. He entered into eighteen battles with Muslim forces, fighting the forces of the rulers of Delhi, Gujarat and Malwa on various occasions. During these battles, he sustained eighty-four wounds on his body. He lost one arm and got crippled in one leg. Despite all this, Maharana Sangram Singh was fair in victory and in 1519, after Sultan Mahmud of Mandu was overpowered and taken as a prisoner, Maharana Sangram Singh extended conventional gallantry and compassion to him. Sultan Mahmud was treated like a guest and the Maharana Sangram Singh restored his kingdom to him.
Maharana Sangram Singh was involved in several battles in his lifetime. Battle of Khanwa on March 17 was launched by Maharana Sangram Singh as a furious attack on the centre and right wing of the Mughal force; the clash lasted for several hours. Mughal artillery wreaked mayhem in the Rajputs closed boundaries. Their cannon fire caused the elephants in the Rajput army to flee thus causing stampede. It is said that the Rajputs went ahead and showed great heroism by stuffing themselves in the mouth of the cannons to stop the throw. However, the Rajputs failed to overrun the strongly protected central "fortress" of the Mughal army. Maharana Sangram Singh who was an expert in Spear Warfare flinged his spear on Babur, which missed Babur`s head by an inch, thus changing the fortune of India.
Maharana Sangram Singh sustained more wounds, at one time being stacked by an arrow; nevertheless, he fought on. For a while, the battle`s result was not decided, then it was understood that Maharana Sangram Singh`s ship was sinking. Soon, Silhadi decamped to Babur with his entire force. After ten hours, the association broke. It was all over for Mewar. The defection of a major portion of the army deadly weakened the Rajputs. Mughal troops finally rolled back the Rajputs flanks. The Rajput army fell apart rapidly and Maharana Sangram Singh chose to retreat from the battle, to live and fight another day. Babur had declared this war as Jihad against the disloyal.
The responsibility of Rana Kumbha passed onto Maharana Sangram Singh. Slowly, he brought Mewar to the peak of its prosperity and prominence, establishing it as the foremost Rajput state. After the power in Delhi collapsed, Maharana Sangram Singh was emerged as the most powerful Hindu King in North India with a direct or indirect control over the whole of Rajputana. His battles against the Lodhis and the Muslim rulers of Gujarat and Malwa are still known as legends. Maharana Sangram Singh united the Rajput states and put up a strong unified defence against the Mughal armies.
Maharana Sangram Singh is the apt name of a Kshatriya King who was the Suryavanshi King focussing on consolidating and developing his state. The loyalty of Maharana Sangram Singh to the Rajput code of chivalry and generosity is thought to be a rare trait in Indian rulers.
Maharana Sangram Singh thus brought Mewar to the heights of success and governed a large part of Rajputana. More importantly, he succeeded in uniting several Rajput states and motivating them to make a united bid for control of northern India. This is Maharana Sangram Singh `s continuing claim to fame, and the battle of Khanwa was the seminal event that became an eminent event in the history of north India.
References[edit]
 | Wikimedia Commons has media related to Rana Sanga. |
- ^ I. Austin, Mewar The World's Longest Serving Dynasty
- ^ LP Sharma, History of Medieval India
- ^ Satish Chandra, Medieval India
- ^ LP Sharma
- ^ LP Sharma
- ^ BR Verma and SK Bakshi, Rajput Role in History
- ^ Upendra Nath Day, Medieval Malwa: A Political and Cultural History
- ^ Upendra Nath Day
- ^ Refer LP Sharma, Bakshi & Verma, Upendra Nath Day
- ^ Nilakanta Sashtri and Srinivasachari, Advanced History of India
- ^ Barua, Pradeep (2005). The State at War in South Asia. University of Nebraska Press. p. 33-34. ISBN 978-0-80321-344-9.
Categories:
- 1484 births
- 1527 deaths
- Mewar dynasty
- Rajput rulers
- Hindu warriors
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